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• John Batchelor made his mind to work for the Ainu as follows. The first was to teach Ainu Christianity, the second was to make them know the generosity, mercy and light of the God, the third was to inform Japanese people of Ainu religion and language because they did not now know them. ...
• One day when he had a chat with the students he had taught English at the Catholic Church, he happened to hear their insisting that Ainu were not human. ...
• He determined to work for Ainu more and more.
• " Later as his grandmother foretold his future, he lived in Hokkaido for half a century to work for Japanese people and Ainu. ...
• He wanted to study Ainu there and rented a Japanese house and lived with an Ainu from Sakhalin to learn Ainu. ... From there he often visited Ainu colonies. ...
• Esan, where an old Ainu couple lived a poor life. ...
• He went to Ainu village at Usu, where he became acquainted with three Ainus. ...
• In September of 1879 he visited Piratori, and he stayed with the chief called Penri to learn Ainu under him. It was so hard for him to live in Ainu style house and moreover, he could not eat Ainu food. ...
• He was not interested in the almost ruined castle, but he was inspired to find Ainu in Tsugaru(Aomori) dialect. ...
• Batchelor collected 6000 Ainu words besides engaging in missionary work. ...
• In January of 1885 he went to Osaka, where he lectured on Ainu. In the same year he invited an Ainu young man, Taro Kannari to Hakodate to study Ainu. From the Kannaris came well-known scholar specialized in Ainu like Mashio Chiri,Yoshizo Kannari, Sachie Kannari and Matsu Kannari. ...

• The Ainu People of Japan.
• The Ainu (a word meaning "human" in the Ainu language), are an ethnic group indigenous to Hokkaido and the northern part of Honshu in Northern Japan, as well as the Kurile Islands and the southern half of Sakhalin Island. There are over 150,000 Ainu today, however the exact figure is not known as many Ainu hide their origins or in many cases are not even aware of them, their parents having kept it from them so as to avoid racism. ...
• As the Japanese moved north and took control over their traditional lands, the Ainu often gave up without resistance, but there was occasionally a resistance as exemplified in wars in 1457, 1669, and 1789, which each time were lost by the Ainu. Japanese policies became increasingly aimed at reforming the Ainu in the Meiji period, outlawing their language and restricting them to farming on government provided plots. Ainu were also used in near-slavery conditions in the Japanese fishing industry.
• The Ainu are in general somewhat taller than the Japanese, stoutly built, well proportioned, with dark-brown eyes, high cheek-bones, short broad noses and faces lacking length. The hairiness of the Ainu has been much exaggerated. ...
• Traditional Ainu culture was quite different from Japanese culture. ...
• There is no historic Ainu literature in the written sense, but there is a rich legacy of oral sagas, called Yukar. They believe there are many floating worlds and that "Ainu Mosir", or the land of the humans (as opposed to "Kamui Mosir", the land of the gods), rests on the back of a fish whose movements cause earthquakes. The Ainu believe that everything in nature has a "kamui" (spirit or god) on the inside. ... The Ainu people give thanks to the gods before eating and pray to the deity of fire in time of sickness. ...
• The Ainu are now governed by Japanese laws and judged by Japanese tribunals, but in former times their affairs were administered by hereditary chiefs, three in each village, and for administrative purposes the country was divided into three districts, Saru, Usu and Ishikari, which were under the ultimate control of Saru, though the relations between their respective inhabitants were not close and intermarriages were avoided. ... Intermarriages between Japanese and Ainu are not infrequent, and at Sambutsu especially, on the eastern coast, many children of such marriages may be seen.
• Modern debate on the origins of the Ainu generally considers them Mongoloid, not Caucasian or proto-Caucasian as held earlier. ... Recent genetic and morphological studies claim similarities exist between the Ainu and Japanese.

• The Samurai And The Ainu.
• The eye of the predicted storm will be the Ainu, a "racially different" group of some 18,000 people now living on the northern island of Hokkaido. Pure-blooded Ainu are easy to spot: they have lighter skin, more body hair, and higher-bridged noses than most Japanese. Most Japanese tend to look down on the Ainu. ...
• Brace has studied the skeletons of about 1,100 Japanese, Ainu, and other Asian ethnic groups and has concluded that the revered samurai of Japan are actually descendants of the Ainu, not of the Yayoi from whom most modern Japanese are descended. ...
• The Ainu-related samurai achieved such power and prestige in medieval Japan that they intermarried with royality and nobility, passing on Jomon-Ainu blood in the upper classes, while other Japanese were primarily descended from the Yoyoi. ...
• The Ainu and their origin have always been rather mysterious, with some people claiming that the Ainu are really Caucasian or proto-Caucasian - in other words, "white. ...

• Welcome to the companion Web site to the NOVA program "Island of the Spirits," which leads viewers to Hokkaido, Japan, an otherworldly land of dense mountain forests, untamed creatures like the grizzly and wolf, and Japan's indigenous people, the Ainu. ...
• Origins of the Ainu.
• Ainu Legends.
• The Ainu believe that the world rests on the back of a giant trout, that otters caused human beings to be flawed, and that seeing an owl fly across the face of the moon at night is cause for great trepidation. ...
• Text Island of the Spirits Home | Origins of the Ainu | Ainu Legends.

• Japanese--> Ainu language.
• Ainu language spoken area.

• Ainu Traditional Fishing Technique.
• The Ainu people have been assimilated into the Japanese society but in Sapporo, Hokkaido, they still celebrate some of their ancient customs. ...
• Click to discover the Ainu Fishing Technique in Hokkaido.

• The Ainu in Japan .
• Groups such as women, American Indians, Australian aborigines, and Ainu in Japan have been protesting at the writing of history that condones the behavior and value systems of the dominant group. Although this article is focused on the marginalization and subjugation of the Ainu in Japan, it is possible to find parallels between them and other indigenous peoples of the world. ...
• The Ainu are a people who, according to one archaeological theory, occupied large areas of Japan from approximately 5,000 B. ... Unlike the Japanese, the Ainu have deep-set eyes and, according to the New Encyclopaedia Britannica (1987 edition), have the 'most profuse body hair of any known human group'. ...
• By the tenth century AD, the Ainu were driven to the northern part of present Japan by their technologically advanced neighbours, and at present most of them live only in Hokkaido (the second largest island of mainland Japan which constitutes one fifth of the total area of the country), the Kuril islands, and Sakhalin (both now owned by Russia). ...
• Despite their centuries of contiguous inhabitation with the Japanese, the Ainu maintained a remarkable cultural independence and spoke an entirely different language thanks partly to the narrow strait that separates Hokkaido from the main island of Japan, Honshu. However, the fate of the Ainu was sealed when a Japanese adventurer and samurai warrior named Takeda Nobuhiro (later adopted by the Kakizaki clan and renamed Kakizaki Nobuhiro) landed on Ainu territory - or the land of barbarians, as Hokkaido was then called - in the mid-fifteenth century. ...
• These early Japanese visitors to Hokkaido mostly conducted trade and lived in relative harmony with the Ainu without interfering with the socio-economic activities of the native islanders. ...
• Soon after Kakizaki secured an outpost in the southern part of Ainu land, the ruler of Japan granted the dynasty the exclusive right to govern the entire island of Hokkaido and in subsequent generations, the dynasty was renamed Matsumae after the place where their castle was located. Although the power of the Matsumae dynasty was undeniable, the Ainu resisted this unwarranted yoke imposed by the invaders and staged numerous but unsuccessful insurrections. Gradually the indigenous people lost their autonomy and not surprisingly, the real power of the Matsumae increased in direct proportion to the subjugation of the Ainu and their exploitation as a source of cheap labour. ...
• The tribulations of the Ainu continued under the new Japanese government formed in 1868. Although this government declared that the Ainu would be emancipated from the tyrannical middlemen whom the Matsumae dynasty had contracted to manage the fishing operations, the government's intentions towards the Ainu were in no way benign. The ostensible 'emancipation' of the Ainu was part of an expansionist policy to officially incorporate the Ainu into the Japanese nation so that the native islanders would be prevented from laying claim to their territorial rights; a situation the government wanted to avoid by any means, especially as ambitious Western powers were clamouring for new markets in East Asia. ...
• Unfortunately for the Ainu, therefore, the assimilation policy of the new government did not eliminate the ideology that had helped to normalise their inferior status, but instead perpetuated the racial inequality by creating the Other within Japan. As in the days of the samurai period, the so-called modernisation of Japan did not bring about improved conditions for the Ainu. Discrimination against the Ainu still exists in Japan today and they continued to suffer. ...

• Windows to the Ainu world.
• One day he came down from the land of the gods to Ainumoshiri, the home of the Ainu people. ... He married an Ainu woman and lived a happy life.
• Many deer, which the Ainu depend on for food, froze to death. ...
• Worried about the Ainu, Okikurmi asked his wife to deliver food through the windows of each house. ...
• The Ainu, indigenous people who live mainly in Hokkaido, have a rich culture of oral literature. ...
• According to legend, Okikurmi taught the Ainu people to fish, hunt, start fires and make tools. ...
• Shigeru Kayano, the only Ainu member of the Diet and a specialist in Ainu oral literature, related the tale in the Ainu tongue in the living room of his home in Nibutani, Biratoricho, near the Saru River.
• "The story reveals the magnificent scale of Ainu culture," Kayano said. ...
• Besides Biratoricho, there are several other areas in Hokkaido where the Ainu make up a relatively large percentage of the population. ...
• In Biratoricho and Shiraoicho, several museums feature aspects of the Ainu culture such as housing and ethnic dances.
• Photo: Ainu dancers perform an ethnic dance for visitors in Shiraoi Porotokotan.

• The Ainu Language Suzuko Tamura (Professor, Waseda University, Tokyo). ...
• This book is a translation of the full text of the section on the Ainu language written by Tamura that was originally published in 1988 as part of the first volume of The Sanseido Encyclopaedia of Linguistics. ...
• Trained by Shiro Hattori (1908 - 1995), Suzuko Tamura is one of the leading experts in the Ainu language and has herself trained many of the younger Ainu language researchers now in their 30's and 40's. ...
• Practically the first book ever published in English which presents a detailed syntax of the Ainu language based on primary data obtained through field research by a first-rate Ainu scholar in Japan, it is a must for everyone interested in the Ainu language and/or is concerned about endangered languages in general. ...

• Ainu Dog.
• Other Names: Ainu-Ken, Hokkaido Dog.

• Ainu Japanese people.
• The relationship between the Ainu people and Japan .
• On March 27 1997, the Sapporo District Court ruled that the Ainu people should be granted recognition as an indigenous people of Japan and therefore entitled to the protection of their distinct culture. ...
• This is what the Ainu people have been seeking for many years from the Japanese government as redress for the historical injustices imposed on them. ... Instead, the government had characterized the Ainu as an ethnic minority group and asserted that the Ainu people were entitled only as individuals to equal protection under the Japanese Constitution. 4 Accordingly, the government has denied collective aboriginal rights to the Ainu. ...
• For their part, the Ainu people have organized several associations to maintain their cultural heritage as well as to defend their rights. The Ainu Association of Hokkaido (the largest association organized by Ainu residents in Hokkaido, the northern most administrative district of Japan) has proposed a bill to change the government's assimilationist policy and guarantee Ainu rights. The basic philosophy of the draft bill was that the Ainu are entitled to the full enjoyment of human rights which have been elaborated and developed within the United Nations human rights protection mechanism. 5 Therefore, the present lawsuit may be a move toward the recognition and guarantee of Ainu rights in the context of the Japanese legal system. ...
• In this article, I first explain the relationship of the Ainu people with the majority Japanese and the latter's colonization of Ainu the homeland. ...
• In analyzing the decision, I focus on the court's rationale on cultural rights of the Ainu people. In conclusion, I offer some remarks concerning the implications of the present decision in the context of recent legislation on Ainu culture. ... The relationship between the Ainu people and Japan.
• Japanese invasion of the Ainu's homeland.
• The Ainu people are the original inhabitants of Hokkaido and its adjacent areas (including the Kurile islands and Sakhalin Island). ... In the fifteenth century, mainlanders entered the Ainu territory (or "Ainu-moshir" which means tranquil land of human beings in the Ainu language) and established a trading system with local people. As the mainlanders and their rulers began to exploit the locals economically and ignored their social customs, the Ainu and their leaders often rose up in arms. Although their resistance ended in failure, the Ainu people established their ethnic identity and were determined to maintain their heritage. 7 The modern Japanese State and its policies toward the Ainu.

• Ainu Dog.
• (Ainu-Ken) (Ainu Inu).
• The Ainu Dog is a thin, muscular, sturdy-looking dog. ... Ainu's have small, erect ears that are at a right angle to the brow. ...
• The Ainu Dog's character is packed full of desirable qualities. ... Despite its long history as a working breed, the Ainu Dog ideally combines the roles of family pet and hunter. ...
• The Ainu Dog is not recommended for apartment life. ...
• The Ainu needs moderate but regular exercise to stay in shape.
• The harsh, straight, double coat of the Ainu Dog should be brushed and combed on a regular basis.
• The Ainu Dog is a Japanese Spitz breed rarely seen outside that county. The dog  was named after the Ainu tribe. ... They arrived in Japan over 3,000 years ago when the Ainu brought this Spitz-type dog with them. As the Ainu were pushed onto the island of Hokkaido by an influx of Japanese people, their dogs gradually became restricted to this island. ... The Ainu Dog is probably the oldest of the Japanese breeds. It was later named the Hokkaido Dog, but is still better known as the Ainu Dog; indeed it is registered with the FCI under that name. Many Ainu Dogs have blue-black tongues, a physical trait that suggests a distant relationship with the similarly tongued Chow Chow and Shar Pei. Through the active work of the Society For The Preservation of Japanese Breeds, the Ainu Dog was designated a Japanese Natural Monument in 1937. The Ainu Dog has always distinguished itself in big-game hunting (especially bears), in guarding property, and as a draft animal.

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