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• computer-certainty. ...

• Investing with More Certainty and Less Risk.

• The Question of Certainty.
• Source: The Quest for Certainty (1933), publ. ...
• Disputes exist, but they are whether sensation or reason affords the basis of certainty; or whether existence or essence is its object. In contrast with this identification, the very word "belief" is eloquent on the topic of certainty. ... Hence the quest for certainty has always been an effort to transcend belief. ...
• In this chapter we are especially concerned with the effect of the ideal of certainty as something superior to belief upon the conception of the nature and function of philosophy. ...
• , in a descending scale of demonstrative certainty. ...
• Not the specific content of Greek thought is pertinent to present problems, but its insistence that security is measured by certainty of knowledge, while the latter is measured by adhesion to fixed and immutable objects, which therefore are independent of what men do in practical activity.
• that those who make it hold for the most part the same philosophy of certainty and its proper object that is held by philosophers, save in an inchoate form. They are not interested in the notion that philosophic thought is a special means of attaining this object and the certainty it affords, but they are far from holding, either explicitly or implicitly, that the arts of intelligently directed action are the means by which security of values are to be attained. ...
• As long as man was unable by means of the arts of practice to direct the course of events, it was natural for him to seek an emotional substitute; in the absence of actual certainty in the midst of a precarious and hazardous world, men cultivated all sorts of things that would give them the feeling of certainty. ...
• Its import raises the question of the relation which action sustains to knowledge in fact, and whether the quest for certainty by other means than those of intelligent action does not mark a baneful diversion of thought from its proper office. ...
• Such a view renounces the traditional notion that action is inherently inferior to knowledge and preference for the fixed over the changing; it involves the conviction that security attained by active control is to be more prized than certainty in theory. ...
• And it is a strict truism that no one would care about any exclusively theoretical uncertainty or certainty. ...
• Such considerations point to the conclusion that the ultimate ground of the quest for cognitive certainty is the need for security in the results of action. Men readily persuade themselves that they are devoted to intellectual certainty for its own sake. ...

• The Unpredictable Certainty: Information Infrastructure Through 2000 NII 2000 Steering Committee, National Research Council304 pages, 6 x 9, 1996.
• How, then, should we go about developing an infrastructure for on- line communication among everyone everywhere? The Unpredictable Certainty explores the national information infrastructure (NII) as the collection of all public and private information services. But how and when will the NII become a reality? How will more and better services reach the home, small businesses, and remote locations? The Unpredictable Certainty examines who will finance the NII, exploring how technology companies decide to invest in deployment and the the vain search for "killer apps" (applications that drive markets). ... The Unpredictable Certainty discusses the underlying technologies, appliances, and services needed before the NII becomes a reality; reviews key features of important technologies; and analyzes current levels of deployment in telephone, cable and broadcast television, and wireless systems, and the difficulties in interconnection. ...

• Certainty Equivalents.
• Why the shapes of the utility functions pictured above represent risk-seeking, risk-aversion, and risk-neutrality can be made more clear by considering a certainty equivalent (CE). ...
• These numbers ($75, $25, and $50) are called certainty equivalents. A certainty equivalent is the minimum amount of money I would rather have for certain instead of taking some risk. The more risk-averse a person is, the lower is her certainty equivalent. ...
• The computer will calculate the certainty equivalent for you, allowing you to visualize the effect of risk tolerance. ...

• The program allows you to calculate the number of trials N for any degree of certainty DC. ...
• 9% degree of certainty my combination of 1/1,000 probability will come out?" .
• • degree of certainty that an event will appear, symbolized by DC.
• Number of Trials N Necessary For An Event of Probability p to Appear With The Degree of Certainty DC .
• It means that it takes 1 event (coin toss, that is) in order to have a 50-50 chance (or degree of certainty of 50%) that either heads or tails will come out. ... The chance or degree of certainty increases to 99. ...
• Therefore, I needed $512 to make sure that I am very, very close to certainty (99. ...
• 9% certainty that the 3-point face will show up at least once. ...
• I only have a 10% chance (DC) that my pick will come out winner within the next 105 drawings! The degree of certainty DC is 50% that my number will hit within 692 drawings! Which also means that my pick will not come out before I play it for 692 drawings. ...
• 9% degree of certainty that your lotto (pick-6) ticket (with 6 numbers) will come out a winner, you would have to play it for over 69 million consecutive drawings! At a pace of 100 drawings a year, it would take over 690,000 years!. ...
• If the probability is 1/N and we repeat the event N times, the degree of certainty is {1 — (1/e)}, when N tends to infinity. ...
• The program allows you to calculate the number of trials N for any degree of certainty DC. ... 9% degree of certainty my combination of 1/1,000 probability will come out?" My question dealt with three elements: degree of certainty that an event will appear, symbolized by DC; probability of the event, symbolized by p; number of trials (events), symbolized by N. ... Number of TrialsN Necessary For An Event of Probability p to Appear With The Degree of Certainty DC Let's try to make sense of those numbers. ... It means that it takes 1 event (coin toss, that is) in order to have a 50-50 chance (or degree of certainty of 50%) that either heads or tails will come out. ... The chance or degree of certainty increases to 99. ... Therefore, I needed $512 to make sure that I am very, very close to certainty (99. ... 9% certainty that the 3-point face will show up at least once. ... I only have a 10% chance (DC) that my pick will come out winner within the next 105 drawings! The degree of certainty DC is 50% that my number will hit within 692 drawings! Which also means that my pick will not come out before I play it for 692 drawings. ... 9% degree of certainty that your lotto (pick-6) ticket (with 6 numbers) will come out a winner, you would have to play it for over 69 million consecutive drawings! At a pace of 100 drawings a year, it would take over 690,000 years!. ... Download free software for lottery, lotto, table, number, trials, certainty, algorithm, logarithm, logarithms. ...

• and Suzanna Sherry Desperately Seeking Certainty: The Misguided Quest for Constitutional Foundations. ...
• Irreverent, provocative, and engaging, Desperately Seeking Certainty attacks the current legal vogue for grand unified theories of constitutional interpretation. ...

• Last year I developed some aspects of what I take to be the central argument of Wittgenstein’s On Certainty and I applied it to work in educational philosophy on the nature and conditions of criticalness and its relation to rationality. ...
• Wittgenstein’s thesis in On Certainty, on the other hand, is that if we bracket for a moment our usual pan-epistemological tendencies, and examine phenomenologically the character of our abilities within the language-games of our community and form of life, then we discover a form of rational judgement which, while not open to coherent doubt, falsification, and epistemic justification, nevertheless remains one which we as agents cannot give up or choose to suspend “belief” in. This form of judgement manifests itself as a form of certainty or trust which Wittgenstein identifies with our very “form of life” itself: “I would like to regard this certainty, not as something akin to hastiness or superficiality, but as a form of life. ... 12 Such certainty is in no way to be taken as an “anti-critical” orientation on the agent’s part, for here the notion of epistemic justification is not as yet applicable, and, as we have seen, the possibility for criticalness is logically related to the epistemic categories of dubitablity and corrigibility. The key to understanding Wittgenstein’s position here is to see that the judgements expressive of our capacity for this certainty are not epistemic claims possessing a truth-value open to doubt and justification. ... ”13 Rather, what we need to see here is that the certainty with which an agent holds and abides by such judgement, together with the “rationality” of the adherence, is a function of the judgement’s constitutive role and status within the definition of the practice being engaged in. ... As I now want to develop this position, praxeological judgements “stand-fast” for an agent, that is they are held with certainty by the agent, in that such judgements function methodologically as rules governing correct procedure within a practice, and as such, simultaneously serve to enable the possibility of an agent’s ability for the practice. ...
• For Wittgenstein, the “standing-fast” character of a proposition or judgement, together with the “certainty” with which the agent adheres to its directives within action, is a function of the rule-governed nature of any given language-game. ... What is it, then, for a judgement to function praxeologically as a rule or norm and how is the character of the “certainty” here related to the ability for a practice? .
• ”16 Consider the following simple proposition which Wittgenstein frequently returns to in On Certainty: “ The earth has existed long before my birth. ... Nevertheless, the inquirer’s orientation towards E does remain one of certainty. ...
• Thomas Morawetz puts this point well in his analysis of On Certainty: In describing practices and practitioners, it is appropriate to think of such matters in terms of activity rather than in terms of cognition. ...
• The “certainty”, as we should call it, on the scientist’s part as to the relevance and possibility of this method cannot itself be the consequence of further evidence. ... A commitment to it thus comprises a form of certainty which is displayed by the scientist as agent through her adherence to it within her competence in investigation and hypothesis testing. ... 27 Such explanation intends the transmission of a competence, which competence entails a certainty towards the meanings of the words in the language: We say: if a child has mastered a language - and hence its application - it must know the meaning of words. It must, for example, be able to attach the name of its colour to a white, black, red, or blue object without the occurrence of any doubt … I sn’t this certainty already presupposed in the language-game? Namely by virtue of the fact that one is not playing the game, or is playing it wrong, if one does not recognize objects with certainty. ...

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• Jacob Bronowski: "Knowledge or Certainty" Study Guide.
• "Knowledge or Certainty" is an episode in the 1973 BBC series "The Ascent of Man," a history of science from the prehistoric period to modern times. ...

• From Certainty to Uncertainty: The Story of Science and Ideas in the Twentieth Century (2002).

• Coherence, Certainty, and Epistemic Priority*.
• -- are certain (and hence warranted) for me at the present time, and that their certainty is not derived directly or indirectly from their coherence with other statements. ...
• Although Lewis does sometimes assert that expressive judgments cannot be false, I believe that all the arguments he gives for the certainty of expressive judgments are arguments to show that these judgments are certain in a warrant-evaluative sense. ...
• But if the thesis of epistemic priority is, as I think, correct, the methodological consequences are momentous whether or not we accept Lewis's doctrine of certainty. ...

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