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1. Forward and Backward Chaining
- ai.eecs.umich.edu
- Forward and Backward Chaining.
- Forward-chaining and backward-chaining are properties of an architecture that refer to the maintenance of knowledge, while forward-planning and backward-planning refer to methods of planning usually utilizing means-ends analysis. Forward-chaining by an architecture means that upon assertion of new knowledge, all relevant inductive and deductive rules are fired to quiescence, effectively making all knowledge about the current state explicit within the state. Forward chaining may be regarded as progress from a known state (the original knowledge) towards a goal state(s). Backward-chaining by an architecture means that no rules are fired upon assertion of new knowledge, but when an unknown predicate about a known piece of knowledge is detected in an operator's condition list, all rules relevant to the knowledge in question are fired until the question is answered or until quiescence. Thus, backward chaining systems normally work from a goal state back to the original state.
- From this admittedly superficial description, it seems that backward-chaining, since it saves computation is superior to forward-chaining. ... Additionally, the branching factor (the number of considerations at each state) may vary between forward and backward chaining and thus also drive a consideration of which method is the more efficient. ... Architectures that utilize forward chaining engines: .
- Architectures that utilize backward chaining engines: .
2. forward chaining from FOLDOC
- foldoc.doc.ic.ac.uk
- forward chaining.
- Forward chaining is the basis of production systems. Oppose backward chaining. ...
- Nearby terms: for values of « forward « forward analysis « forward chaining » forward compatibility » forward compatible » forward delta .
3. Varney-Griffin Chaining -- 25C-17 / 1998 0 forward
- wildlife.utah.gov
- Varney-Griffin Chaining -- 25C-17 : 1998 0 forward.
4. Tight Bounds on Oblivious Chaining
- epubs.siam.org
- Tight Bounds on Oblivious Chaining.
- Tight Bounds on Oblivious Chaining: SIAM Journal on Computing Vol. ... 6The chaining problem is defined as follows. ... $) The chaining problem appears as a subproblem in many contexts. There are known algorithms that solve the chaining problem on CRCW PRAMs in $O(\alpha(n))$ time, where $\alpha(n)$ is the inverse of Ackerman's function, and is a very slowly growing function. ... A simple oblivious chaining algorithm running in $O(\alpha(n))$ time is presented. ... The first steps toward a lower bound for all chaining algorithms are also provided by showing that any chaining algorithm that runs in two steps must use a superlinear number of processors. ...
- parallel, chaining, superconcentrators, lower bound, prefix graphs, Ackerman's function .
5. Yee Whye Teh : Relevancy Detection in Forward Chaining Planners
- www.cs.utoronto.ca
- Yee Whye Teh : Research : Relevancy Detection in Forward Chaining Planners .
- Forward chaining planners have traditionally been shunned by the planning community in spite of advantages of forward chainers, for example, complete imformation about the intermediate states of partial plans allowing for very powerful search control; and ease of support of rich planning languages. ...
- Making Forward Chaining Relevant. ...
- Yee Whye Teh : Research : Relevancy Detection in Forward Chaining Planners .
6. Oracle: Row Chaining
- www.sioug.si
7. THE FACTS ABOUT CHAINING DOGS
- www.sarawak.com.my
- THE FACTS ABOUT CHAINING DOGS .
- Here's some information we think you should know on chaining dogs.
- What is meant by "chaining" dogs?.
- Is there a problem with continuous chaining?.
- Why is chaining dogs inhumane?.
- How does chaining dogs pose a danger to humans?.
- Why is chaining dangerous to dogs?.
- In addition to the psychological damage wrought by continuous chaining, dogs forced to live on the end of a chain make easy targets for other animals, humans, and biting insects, from which there is virtually no escape. ...
- Should chaining ever be allowed?.
- Attaching a dog's leash to a long line-such as a clothesline or a manufactured device known as a pulley run-and letting the dog have a larger area in which to explore is preferable to chaining the dog to a stationary object. However, many of the same problems associated with chaining still apply, including attacks on or by other animals, lack of socialization, and safety. ...
- What can be done to correct the problem of chaining dogs?.
- In the United States at least 25 communities have passed laws that regulate the practice of chaining animals. For example, the chaining of dogs is prohibited as a means of continuous confinement, or being chained for more than 8 hours in any 24-hour period. ...
8. Forward Chaining in Prolog
- www.csee.umbc.edu
- Forward Chaining in Prolog .
- Forward Chaining in Prolog .
9. Backward Chaining Systems
- www.cee.hw.ac.uk
- Next: Forwards vs Backwards Up: Rule-Based Systems Previous: Forward Chaining Systems .
- Backward Chaining Systems.
- If you DO know what the conclusion might be, or have some specific hypothesis to test, forward chaining systems may be inefficient. You COULD keep on forward chaining until no more rules apply or you have added your hypothesis to the working memory. ...
- This can be done by backward chaining from the goal state (or on some hypothesised state that we are interested in). ... Note that a backward chaining system does NOT need to update a working memory. ...
- In principle we can use the same set of rules for both forward and backward chaining. However, in practice we may choose to write the rules slightly differently if we are going to be using them for backward chaining. In backward chaining we are concerned with matching the conclusion of a rule against some goal that we are trying to prove. ...
- Next: Forwards vs Backwards Up: Rule-Based Systems Previous: Forward Chaining Systems .
10. Re: ldapext Comments to <draft-sermersheim-ldap-chaining>
- www.openldap.org
- Date Prev Date Next Chronological Thread Top Re: ldapext Comments to <draft-sermersheim-ldap-chaining>.
- Subject: Re: ldapext Comments to <draft-sermersheim-ldap-chaining> .
- For example, assume a client > wishes to perform a SSS or VLV search operation and knows that the data > in the result set may be distributed (and perhaps further assume some > DSAs support chaining these operations). ... SSS, the server will proceed to gather results up, find that it can't obey the Chaining control, and return an error to the client. ... It would be wrong for the server to begin sending entries back knowing that the result set contains unresolved references, so that search should automatically fail in the absence of chaining. ... > I believe that chainingRequired may also be > useful for other multi-object operations which are served best (or can > only be completed) by the act of DSA chaining. ... To me, the absence of any chaining control already implies "referralsPreferred" but I'll have to think about it some more. ...
- Prev by Date: Re: ldapext Comments to <draft-sermersheim-ldap-chaining> .
11. Jonathan Bruce's Blog: Exception chaining in JDBC
- weblogs.java.net
- 0, and JDBC Performance at JavaOne 2004 | Main | JavaOne 2004 -- Day one » Exception chaining in JDBC.
- Posted by jonbruce on June 15, 2004 at 09:55 AM | Comments (11) Our thoughts on introducing exception chaining are centered on much of the feedback we received from the JDBC RowSet Implementations 1. ...
- By defining a group of methods that allow a Throwable instance to be set at the SQLException level, this allow related exceptions definition introduced in JDBC RowSets to also provide chaining support. Overloading the current set of constructors should achieve chaining functionality and compliment the four other currently defined constructors. ...
- Please! The expert group was thinking of not adding exception chaining? That's one of the most useful things in JSDK 1. ... I've had to define my own subclass of given throwables to get developers to do exception chaining, which is overkill. ...
- Please! Aren't you more likely to do the opposite, that is, wrap another exception around a SQLException than wrap an SQLException around another exception? The only instance I can think of when the latter my be useful is chaining an IOException to an SQLException when a network-related error occurs. ...
12. The News-Bulletin: PETA asks county to outlaw chaining dogs
- www.news-bulletin.com
- PETA asks county to outlaw chaining dogs.
- A national animal rights group has appealed to Valencia County's administration to remove chaining of dogs from its animal control ordinance.
- People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals said in a press release Monday that it had written to County Manager Michael Trujillo and the county commission regarding the group's belief that chaining dogs deprives them of social interaction that they need and crave and drives them mad.
- The organization recommends that the county follow the lead of many other jurisdictions, including Bernalillo County, that have passed anti-chaining legislation.
- PETA argues that chaining dogs, highly social pack animals, is cruel. ...
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