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• River Channels, Sediment, and Runoff.
• River Channels There are three main types of river channels: straight, braided, and meandering. ... Stream Types Some stream channels have water in them all of the time and other stream channels do not. ...

• AMSTERDAM - THE CHANNELS Amsterdam visitors guide.

• Control of Ion Conduction in L-type Ca2+ Channels by the Concerted Action of S5–6 Regions .
• Voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channels from cardiac (1C) and skeletal (1S) muscle differ from one another in ion selectivity and permeation properties, including unitary conductance. ... As a step toward understanding the mechanism of rapid ion flux through these highly selective ion channels, we used chimeras constructed between 1C and 1S to identify structural features responsible for the difference in conductance. Combined replacement of the four pore-lining P-loops in 1C with P-loops from 1S reduced unitary conductance to a value intermediate between those of the two parent channels. ...

• KATP channels gated by intracellular nucleotides and phospholipids .
• This unusual molecular architecture is related to the complex gating behaviour of these channels. Intracellular ATP inhibits KATP channels by binding to the Kir6. ... This ATP/ADP dependence allows KATP channels to link metabolism to excitability, which is important for many physiological functions, such as insulin secretion and cell protection during periods of ischemic stress. ... Membrane phospholipids such as phosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositiol 4-monophosphate were found to interact with KATP channels resulting in increased open probability and markedly reduced ATP sensitivity. ...
• Palmitate Stimulation of Glucagon Secretion in Mouse Pancreatic {alpha}-Cells Results From Activation of L-Type Calcium Channels and Elevation of Cytoplasmic Calcium.
• Molecular identity and function in transepithelial transport of KATP channels in alveolar epithelial cells.
• The Insulin Secretory Granule Is the Major Site of KATP Channels of the Endocrine Pancreas.
• Pre- and postsynaptic ATP-sensitive potassium channels during metabolic inhibition of rat hippocampal CA1 neurons.
• Dynamic activation of KATP channels in rhythmically active neurons.
• Phospholipids as Modulators of KATP Channels: Distinct Mechanisms for Control of Sensitivity to Sulphonylureas, K+ Channel Openers, and ATP.

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• Channelopathies of inwardly rectifying potassium channels .
• Mutations in genes encoding ion channels have increasingly been identified to cause disease conditions collectively termed channelopathies. ... This synopsis provides an overview of progress in the identification of molecular defects in inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) channels. Structurally and functionally distinct from other channel families, Kir channels are ubiquitously expressed and serve functions as diverse as regulation of resting membrane potential, maintenance of K+ homeostasis, control of heart rate, and hormone secretion. ... Channelopathies of inwardly rectifying potassium channels. ...
• Tandem Function of Nucleotide Binding Domains Confers Competence to Sulfonylurea Receptor in Gating ATP-sensitive K+ Channels.

• Small-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels .
• SK channels play a fundamental role in all excitable cells. SK channels are potassium selective and are activated by an increase in the level of intracellular calcium, such as occurs during an action potential. ... Apamin-sensitive and apamin-insensitive SK channels have recently been cloned. This chapter will compare with different classes of sAHPs, discuss the cloned SK channels and how they are gated by calcium ions, describe the molecular basis for their different pharmacologies, and review the possible role of SK channels in several pathological conditions. ...
• Spontaneous Opening of T-Type Ca2+ Channels Contributes to the Irregular Firing of Dopamine Neurons in Neonatal Rats.
• Calmodulin Mediates Ca2+ Sensitivity of Sodium Channels.
• Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels Are Selectively Coupled to P/Q-Type Calcium Channels in Cerebellar Purkinje Neurons.
• Rescue of Mesencephalic Dopaminergic Neurons in Culture by Low-Level Stimulation of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels.
• SKCa Channels Mediate the Medium But Not the Slow Calcium-Activated Afterhyperpolarization in Cortical Neurons.
• Apamin-Sensitive Small Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels, through their Selective Coupling to Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels, Are Critical Determinants of the Precision, Pace, and Pattern of Action Potential Generation in Rat Subthalamic Nucleus Neurons In Vitro.
• Altered Expression of Small-Conductance Ca2+-Activated K+ (SK3) Channels Modulates Arterial Tone and Blood Pressure.
• Somatic and Dendritic Small-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels Regulate the Output of Cerebellar Purkinje Neurons.
• Role of Apamin-Sensitive KCa Channels for Reticulospinal Synaptic Transmission to Motoneuron and for the Afterhyperpolarization.
• Selective Coupling of T-Type Calcium Channels to SK Potassium Channels Prevents Intrinsic Bursting in Dopaminergic Midbrain Neurons.
• Molecular properties of small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels expressed in murine colonic smooth muscle.

• Expression of Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels in Human and Rhesus Pancreatic Islets .
• 1 Department of Ion Channels, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey.
• Voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv channels) are involved in repolarization of excitable cells. In pancreatic ß-cells, prolongation of the action potential by block of delayed rectifier potassium channels would be expected to increase intracellular free calcium and to promote insulin release in a glucose-dependent manner. ...
• Kohler, RY80N-C31, Department of Ion Channels, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065. ...

• Calcium-activated Chloride Channels .
• Calcium-activated chloride channels (CaCCs) participate in many different physiologic processes such as transepithelial transport, excitability of neurons and muscle cells, and oocyte fertilization. ... This lack of specificity not only hampers the structural and functional characterization of these channels but also restricts therapeutic options for altering CaCC function. ...

• Electrophysiological studies were conducted on the cloned plant cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels AtCNGC2 and AtCNGC1 from Arabidopsis, and NtCBP4 from tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum). ... AtCNGC2 was demonstrated to conduct K+ and other monovalent cations, but exclude Na+; this conductivity profile is unique for any ion channel not possessing the amino acid sequence found in the selectivity filter of K+-selective ion channels. ... Direct activation of the channel by cyclic nucleotide, demonstrated by application of cyclic nucleotide to patches of membranes expressing such channels, is a hallmark characteristic of this ion channel family. Voltage clamp studies (two-electrode configuration) demonstrated that AtCNGC1 and NtCBP4 are also cyclic nucleotide-gated channels. ...
• Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Regulates Calcium Channels in the Plasma Membrane of Arabidopsis Leaf Guard and Mesophyll Cells.
• Nitric oxide regulates K+ and Cl- channels in guard cells through a subset of abscisic acid-evoked signaling pathways.

• Direct inhibition of T-type calcium channels by the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide .
• Low-voltage-activated or T-type Ca2+ channels (T-channels) are widely expressed, especially in the central nervous system where they contribute to pacemaker activities and are involved in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. ... We report here that both cloned (1G, 1H and 1I subunits) and native T-channels are blocked by the endogenous cannabinoid, anandamide. ... Anandamide appears to be the first endogenous ligand acting directly on T-channels at submicromolar concentrations. ... Anandamide preferentially binds and stabilizes T-channels in the inactivated state and is responsible for a significant decrease of T-currents associated with neuronal firing activities. Our data demonstrate that anandamide inhibition of T-channels can regulate neuronal excitability and account for CB receptor-independent effects of this signaling molecule. ...
• Molecular Physiology of Low-Voltage-Activated T-type Calcium Channels.
• Neuronal T-type alpha 1H Calcium Channels Induce Neuritogenesis and Expression of High-Voltage-Activated Calcium Channels in the NG108-15 Cell Line.

• Molecular Physiology of Low-Voltage-Activated T-type Calcium Channels .
• Perez-Reyes, Edward Molecular Physiology of Low-Voltage-Activated T-type Calcium Channels. ... T-type Ca2+ channels were originally called low-voltage-activated (LVA) channels because they can be activated by small depolarizations of the plasma membrane. In many neurons Ca2+ influx through LVA channels triggers low-threshold spikes, which in turn triggers a burst of action potentials mediated by Na+ channels. ... In addition to a pacemaker role, Ca2+ entry via T-type channels can directly regulate intracellular Ca2+ concentrations, which is an important second messenger for a variety of cellular processes. ... The deduced amino acid sequence shows a similar four-repeat structure to that found in high-voltage-activated (HVA) Ca2+ channels, and Na+ channels, indicating that they are evolutionarily related. Hence, the 1-subunits of T-type channels are now designated Cav3. ... The electrophysiological activities of recombinant Cav3 channels are very similar to native T-type currents and can be differentiated from HVA channels by their activation at lower voltages, faster inactivation, slower deactivation, and smaller conductance of Ba2+. ...
• Molecular physiology and pathology of Ca2+-conducting channels in the plasma membrane of mammalian sperm.
• Low voltage-activated calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle: T-type channels and AVP-stimulated calcium spiking.
• 3 calcium channels control second-phase insulin release.
• 3 Channels.
• Low threshold calcium currents in rat cerebellar Purkinje cell dendritic spines are mediated by T-type calcium channels.
• Spontaneous Opening of T-Type Ca2+ Channels Contributes to the Irregular Firing of Dopamine Neurons in Neonatal Rats.
• Identification of R(-)-isomer of efonidipine as a selective blocker of T-type Ca2+ channels.
• Ion Trafficking through T-type Ca2+ Channels: A Way to Look at Channel Gating Position.

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