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• Hsp40 Is Involved in Cilia Regeneration in Sea Urchin Embryos .
• We suggest that Hsp40 might play a chaperoning role in cilia regeneration. ...

• To beat or not to beat: roles of cilia in development and disease .
• CILIA ULTRASTRUCTURE ASSEMBLY.
• Cilia and flagella appeared very early in evolution to provide unicellular organisms with motility in water. ... In contrast, cilia and flagella were retained and employed for a wide variety of functions requiring fluid movement in complex multicellular animals. The functions of cilia in diverse processes such as left–right axis pattern formation, cerebrospinal fluid flow, sensory reception, mucociliary clearance and renal physiology indicate that cilia have been adapted as versatile tools for many biological processes. In this review, we discuss recent discoveries that have extended knowledge of the roles of cilia in normal development, and the pathological consequences caused by their dysfunction in mammals. We also consider evolutionary relationships between cilia from lower and higher eukaryotes, outline the ciliary components required for assembly and motility, and review the terminology of axonemal heavy chain dynein genes. ...
• CILIA ULTRASTRUCTURE ASSEMBLY.
• Several hypotheses on the origin of cilia and flagella in eukaryotes have been proposed. The endosymbiont model postulates that these organelles may have derived from the symbiotic inclusion of spirochete bacteria (1), while the autogenous hypothesis favors the idea that cilia developed from further specialization of the cytoskeleton (2). ... Cilia and flagella structure and function are very well conserved across evolution. The high degree of sequence conservation between flagellar proteins of unicellular organisms such as the biflagellate alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and mammalian ciliary proteins suggests that the functional role of the genes encoding cilia has been preserved throughout evolution. Chlamydomonas has been an advantageous system for studies of assembly and motility of cilia due to the ability to generate and detect mutants that cannot swim, and then to biochemically characterize their flagella. ... This large number of components is also present in mammalian cilia (6). Despite their overall structural similarities, the specialization of cilia for particular functions has resulted in significant variations of structure and regulation. ... For instance, the gill cilia in mollusks have been studied for their capability to coordinate a precise filter feeding mechanism (7), the sperm flagellum in sea urchin employed for waveform motion analysis (8), the oviduct cilia in quail for analysis of ciliogenesis (9), and the cilia of the fish lateral line organ probed to understand sensory mechanistics (10). ...

• Santa Cilia de Jaca - Huesca (LECI).
• Santa Cilia de Jaca - Huesca (LECI).
• Santa Cilia de Jaca - Huesca (LECI).
• Santa Cilia de Jaca - Huesca (LECI).

• Cilia in PKD—Letting It All Hang Out .
• Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) research has experienced a sort of celestial convergence, culminating with the article by Yoder, Hou, and Guay-Woodford (1) in this issue, which points to a role in PKD for the primary cilia of tubular epithelial cells. The question being asked is, "Why cilia?" .
• (1) is the latest in a series of discoveries that have reported the involvement of PKD-related proteins in the assembly and function of cilia of mice and the nemotode, C. ... The original mutation was found to cause a recessive form of PKD in orpk mice; later when the gene was completely deleted, it was found to give rise to an embryonic lethal phenotype that is due to an absence of (or stunting of) cilia on ventral node epithelial cells (3,4), thus disrupting early morphologic left-right (L-R) axis determination (3). The protein product of this gene, polaris, was localized in the axoneme and basal body of primary cilia (4,5) and was found to be required for ciliary assembly (5,6). ... The recessive cpk mouse model of PKD also has a link with cilia. The cpk gene, which was just identified this year, encodes a protein, cystin, which was found to reside in the axonemal region of primary cilia, partially overlapping with polaris (9). This too may be a functional rather than structural defect, as no obvious structural abnormalities were noted by electron microscopy in the cilia of cpk mutant mice (10). ... elegans, which identified homologs of the ADPKD genes PKD1 (lov-1 for location of vulva) and PKD2 (pkd-2), the protein products of which were found to localize in cilia of sensory neurons (11,12). ... (15) localized the PKD2 product, polycystin-2, to cilia of renal epithelial cells. ... (1) report that the PKD1 product, polycystin-1, as well as polycystin-2, polaris, and cystin, all localize to primary cilia of cultured mouse cortical collecting duct (mCCD) cells. Thus, most of the major players in ARPKD and ADPKD have been linked to cilia (except for the product of the ARPKD PKHD1 gene, fibrocystin/polyductin, localization of which has not yet been reported but is most certainly being investigated). ...
• Who would have thought to look at cilia at all as a basis for ADPKD if the direction had not been pointed out by these genetic studies? The observations in the animal models undoubtedly steered the polycystin work toward cilia. The cilia may otherwise have been overlooked or simply thought of as unlikely. ... Second, cilia are not easy to see in cell culture, being near the resolution limit of conventional light microscopy (22). ... (1), the mCCD cells they used had to be grown on cell culture inserts for at least 3 d in order to reach full polarization and cilia formation. Third, the function of cilia in renal tubules is not known — this being the next big challenge. ...

• Flagella and cilia are elaborate cytoskeletal structures conserved from protists to mammals, where they fulfil functions related to motility or sensitivity. ...

• Diputada Cilia Flores prevé pronto final a reciente crisis carcelaria.
• - La diputada del Movimiento V República (MVR) y jefa del Bloque del Cambio de la Asamblea Nacional (AN), Cilia Flores, afirmó que la reciente crisis carcelaria se ha venido resolviendo de manera progresiva y ya está llegando a su fin.

• We investigate here some general properties of this Ca-activated Cl channel in rat, as well as its functional interplay with the CNG channel, by using inside-out membrane patches excised from ORN dendritic knobs/cilia. ...
• Sensory transduction in vertebrate olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) begins with the activation of specific receptor proteins on the plasma membrane of the cells' cilia by odorant molecules, leading via a G protein to stimulation of adenylyl cyclase to increase cAMP synthesis (for reviews see Schild and Restrepo, 1998; Gold, 1999). ...
• Since intracellular Ca2+ stores do not contribute to Ca2+ homeostasis in olfactory cilia (Zufall et al. ...
• Cilia were often visible and were sometimes sucked into the tip of the recording pipette before a gigaohm seal was established. ...
• We studied the Ca-activated Cl current with patch-clamp recording from inside-out membrane patches excised from the dendritic knob/cilia of rat ORNs (see MATERIALS AND METHODS). ...
• (A) Immediately after excision, an inside-out patch comprising membrane from the dendritic knob (and often cilia) was exposed for 3 s to saturating concentrations of Ca2+ (67 µM) and cAMP (100 µM) consecutively to induce maximal activation of Ca-activated Cl current and CNG current, respectively. ...
• During the response to odorants, Cl channels are activated by Ca2+ that enters the ORN cilia through the CNG channels. ... Recently, it has been suggested that scaffolding proteins in olfactory cilia (Schreiber et al. ...
• Excised from the dendritic knob, the membrane patches often contained one or more cilia. ...
• Thus, the exchanger on olfactory cilia apparently does not depend on K+ cotransport, unlike the Na/Ca,K-cotransporter in photoreceptors (Cervetto et al. ...
• Interestingly, the number of CNG channels contributing significantly to the local Ca2+ concentration in the olfactory cilia appears to be much smaller than, for example, the number of voltage-activated Ca channels (60) in the rat calyx of Held synapse necessary for the release of a single vesicle (Borst and Sakmann, 1996). ...
• Calcium-activated chloride conductance in frog olfactory cilia. ...
• Noise analysis of ion channels in non-space-clamped cables: Estimates of channel parameters in olfactory cilia. ...
• Imaging odor-induced calcium transients in single olfactory cilia: Specificity of activation and role in transduction. ...
• Predicted profiles of ion concentrations in olfactory cilia in the steady state. ...

• Millions of tiny hairs called CILIA act like tiny brooms to sweep out the bad stuff caught in the mucus. ...

• 4 Predicted Profiles of Ion Concentrations in Olfactory Cilia in the Steady State .

• Daniel Cilia.
• This Archaeology on the Net Web Ring site is owned by Daniel Cilia. ...
• Daniel Cilia is a member of.

• Vomeronasal adenylate cyclase activity is approximately 50-fold lower than activities observed in olfactory cilia preparations (37, 38) and is not affected by calcium/calmodulin (38). ...
• The procedure used for the preparation of microvillar membranes is modeled after well established methods for harvesting olfactory cilia from olfactory neuroepithelium (46, 47). Sonication of olfactory membranes results not only in the detachment of olfactory cilia but also in the detachment of microvilli from sustentacular cells and plasma membrane fragments from other components of the neuroepithelium (46, 47). ...
• Nakamura T, Gold GH 1987 A cyclic nucleotide-gated conductance in olfactory receptor cilia. ...
• Anholt RRH 1995 Preparation of olfactory cilia. ...
• Anholt RRH, Aebi U, Snyder SH 1986 A partially purified preparation of isolated chemosensory cilia from the olfactory epithelium of the bull frog, Rana catesbeina. ...

• Key Words: sperm protein 17 • respiratory system • reproductive system • cilia • microvilli • immunohistochemistry.

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