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• INFANT MALE CIRCUMCISION.
• The current medical rationale for circumcision developed after the operation was in wide practice. ...
• The circumcision decision in the U. ...
• (11) Circumcision has become cultural surgery. ...
• (Infant) circumcision. ...
• Circumcision interferes with penile development, surgeon must tear skin from sensitive glans to permit removal. ...
• Literature abounds with reports, morbidity and death from circumcision Realistic (complication) figure is 2-10%. ...
• Adverse consequences of infant circumcision on men’s health must be recognized by physicians, parents & legislators. ...
• Circumcision is a subtraction, removing one-third or more of entire penile skin - tragic loss of erogenous tissue. ...
• Body image survey found 20% of circumcised respondents cited dissatisfaction with their circumcision. ...
• The persistence of specific behavioral changes after circumcision in neonates implies the presence of memory. ...
• Infant circumcision causes severe, persistent pain. Acetaminophen does not ameliorate pain of circumcision. ...
• Main structures for memory are functional in neonates and circumcision pain may have long-lasting effects. ...
• Circumcision affects mother-infant interaction. ...
• Infants feed less frequently after circumcision; observed deterioration may contribute to breast- feeding failure. ...

• Circumcision Practice Patterns in the United States .
•   To determine 1) the performing of circumcision by medical specialty, gender, and years of practice; 2) the pattern of anesthetic use for this procedure; and 3) the reasons physicians cite for not using anesthesia. ...
• Of the respondents, 956 (54%) perform at least one circumcision per month (35% of PEDs; 60% of FPs; 70% of OBs). ...
• With recent recognition of the importance of pain reduction in neonatal procedures and the lack of substantiated contraindications to newborn anesthetic use, additional education of current practitioners, residents, and parents is required to increase the use of anesthesia for circumcision. ...
• Key words: circumcision, anesthesia for neonatal circumcision. ...
• Despite the debate that continues over the benefits and risks of nonritual neonatal circumcision, it remains one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures in the United States. ...
• "7 Thus, performing a circumcision on a newborn without using anesthesia is justified, only if one would be willing to perform a circumcision on an older child or adult without anesthesia. ...
• A literature search revealed no published studies of circumcision practice patterns or anesthesia use based on questioning a national sample of the practitioners who perform the procedure most commonly: obstetricians (OBs), family practitioners (FPs), and pediatricians (PEDs). ...
• This survey was undertaken to determine 1) the performing of neonatal circumcision by medical specialty, gender, and years of practice, 2) the pattern of anesthesia use for this procedure, and 3) the reasons given by physicians for not using anesthesia. ...
• Circumcision Survey Response .
• The practice of circumcision of males dates back many thousands of years, but only in the last 50 years, since World War II, has the rate been consistently high. ...
• There also has been wide variation in the rate of circumcision by region: Midwest, 80. ... The low rate in the West probably reflects the large percentage of Asians and Hispanics, who do not typically practice circumcision, as well as changes in insurance coverage for the procedure. ...
• Although there is good hospital data on the circumcision rate, it is not known which specialists are performing this operation. ... Because PEDs have increasingly provided primary care for larger segments of the newborn population, their role in providing circumcision services was explored. ...
• It is difficult to determine how fast this percentage is changing because this study is the first of its kind to detail the circumcision practice patterns by specialty of current practitioners. ...

• The most severe form is infibulation, also known as pharaonic circumcision. ...
• "Circumcision makes women clean, promotes virginity and chastity and guards young girls from sexual frustration by deadening their sexual appetite. ...
• , Prisoners of Ritual: An Odyssey into Female Genital Circumcision in Africa, Haworth Press, New York, 1989. ...
• , "Psychological Aspects of Female Circumcision" Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children, Report of a seminar, 10-15 February, 1979, WHO-EMRO Technical Publication 2, WHO, Alexandria, Egypt, 1979, pp. ...
• , "Female Circumcision in Egypt: Social Implications, Current Research and Prospects for Change", Studies in Family Planning, 11:1, 1980, pp. ...
• , "Kenyan Elders Defend Circumcision", Development Forum, September, 1990, p. ...

• Nation Atlanta Female Circumcision Case Stirs Concern.
• , raises concerns that female circumcision -- a form of genital mutilation common in some African nations -- is being performed on young women in the United States. ...

• Circumcision = Genital Mutilation = Child Abuse.
• The purpose of this website is to provide information about the horrific effects of male infant genital mutilation (euphemistically refered to as circumcision), so that we can end this barbaric violation of innocent children's bodies.
• Foreskin & Circumcision Information: The REAL Truth .

• Circumcision.
• This site differs from others opposed to genital mutilation - its focus is on intactness, rather than on circumcision.
• The case for circumcision has been made daily for decades in public media such as TV sitcoms, magazine articles, by medical "authorities" and by word of mouth. ... This site does attempt to tell the truth about circumcision, and not overstate the case against it.
• CONNECTICUT: Lawsuit claims circumcision botched.
• INDIANA: US Circumcision rate falls.
• KATHMANDU: Father loses second son to circumcision, ready to sacrifice third.
• "Is circumcision ethical?" .
• outlining the true costs of circumcision. ...
• This is the only circumcision-related video .
• "Tight banjostring" can be readily treated without circumcision. ...
• A presentation and an article from New Zealand tell how and why, from being nearly universal, circumcision is now nearly obsolete here. ...
• Sweden, ahead of the rest of the world in so many social reforms, has also become the first country to regulate male circumcision (minimally, so far). ...
•   Against Circumcision .
• No-one should be able to see these close-up pictures and ever again refer to circumcision as a "snip". ...
• The Lost List - what is lost to circumcision (18) .

• Circumcision.
• Circumcision is the removal of some or all of the prepuce (foreskin). ... The word circumcision comes from Latin circum (="around") and caedere (="to cut"). Female circumcision is a term applied to a variety of procedures performed on the female genitalia, of which only one, the removal of the clitoral hood, is comparable to male circumcision. Except where specified, "circumcision" in this article should be taken as "male circumcision. ...
• 1 Reasons for circumcision .
• 1 Religous and cultural circumcision 1. 2 Medical circumcision 1. 3 Circumcision and body modification.
• 2 History of circumcision .
• 1 Circumcision in the Ancient World 2. 2 Medical circumcision in the 19th century 2. 3 Circumcision since 1950.
• 3 Emotional impact of circumcision and non-circumcision .
• 1 Medicinal circumcision of a minor 4. 2 Religious circumcision of a minor 4. 3 Circumcision of an adult.

• NOCIRC (National Organization of Circumcision Information Resource Centers FGM Awareness and Education Project).

• ARC News Archive Press Release in Civil Rights Circumcision Case J. Steven Svoboda 31 Jul 2003 Wrongful circumcision case filed J. ...
• An international network of attorneys and supporters now addresses the multi-faceted issue of genital mutilation of children, particularly the practice of male circumcision. ... ARC directs its efforts towards both male and female circumcision (also known as female genital mutilation FGM or female genital cutting), focusing on the American cultural practice of male circumcision due to its frequency relative to FGM in the United States and also due to the lack of any other legal organization currently concentrating on male circumcision. ARC’s network of attorneys can assist families whose sons were circumcised without parental consent or below the "standard of care," and those whose sons died from circumcision. ...
• Compelling reasons exist for strong concern among attorneys and the public about the various types of damage caused by circumcision. ... Moreover, no satisfactory medical justification for routine circumcision has ever been demonstrated. Committed attorneys have already undertaken a range of legal actions against circumcisers which have made critical contributions to reduce the rate of routine neonatal circumcision in the United States. ...
• A number of human rights documents appear to forbid infant male circumcision based on such important principles as the right to physical integrity, the right to freedom of religion, the right to the highest attainable standard of health, and the right to protection against torture. ...
• Our own cultural blindness must not be allowed to warp American law by insulating perpetrators of circumcision from liability under a broad range of legal theories. By understanding the medical and psychological harm caused by circumcision and by positioning ourselves to enforce the legal and human rights guarantees of physical integrity and self-determination, we can work for the best interests of children, by guaranteeing them equal protection under the law.
• More Pages Related to Male & Female Circumcision .
• HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES from CIRCUMCISION.
• From July 29 through August 15, 2001, we were in Geneva, Switzerland, working independently and with a team we assembled to lobby the Sub-Commission for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights of the United Nations to acknowledge male circumcision as a human rights violation. ... 2/2002/NGO/1 (March 23, 2002), the first one addressing male circumcision as a human rights violation. ... We distributed to all Sub-Commissioners as well as to a number of other attending countries, inter-governmental organizations, and non-governmental organizations a range of items including donated videotapes and CD’s of a circumcision (the video was shot by Lawrence Barichello of INTACT), books, and articles. ... Thanks to the National Organization of Circumcision Information Resource Centers (NOCIRC) for allowing us to use its UN roster status to make this venture possible.

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