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• DUALISM.
• “Thematically Dualism will (as the title implies) explore Descartes’ mind/body dichotomy, filtered through the prism of near-future developments in artificial intelligence and quantum computation.
• And (as the title also implies) Dualism will be exploring the next move in the dialectic of their relationship as well. ...

• Dualism.
• The term dualism is the state of being dual, or having a twofold division. Dualism doctrine consists of two basic opposing elements. ...
• The term dualism has several uses: .
• In theology, dualism can refer to ditheism: the belief that there are two basic principles in the universe, usually personified as deities, that work in polar opposition to each other. ...
• Alternatively, dualism can mean the tendency of humans to perceive and understand the world as being divided into just two categories. ... In traditions such as Zen, a key to enlightenment is "overcoming" this sort of dualism, without merely substituting it with monism or pluralism. ...
• In orthodox Indian philosophy, on the other hand, monism is explicitly affirmed by advaita vedanta, while it is rejected in favor of the dualism or pluralism of Dvaita; other schools, such as Vishishtadvaita and bhedabheda try to find routes in between. ...
• Main Article: Mind dualism .
• In philosophy of mind, dualism is any of a narrow variety of views about the relationship between mind and matter, which are seen as totally different kinds of things. This type of dualism is sometimes referred to as "mind and body". ... See also Cartesian dualism. ...
• In philosophy of science, dualism often refers to the dichotomy between the "subject" (the observer) and the "object" (the observed). Some critics of Western science see this kind of dualism as a fatal flaw in science. ...
• Dictionary of the History of ideas: Dualism in Philosophy and Religion .
• In physics, dualism refers to media with properties that can be associated with the mechanics of two different phenomena. ...

• DUALISM, feature peculiar to Iranian religion in ancient and medieval times. There is general agreement on this point, though some scholars have minimized the importance of dualistic elements in Zoroastrian doctrine and even denied their existence, in order to emphasize monotheistic or crypto-monotheistic aspects, perceived as incompatible with any form of dualism. ...
• From a strictly religious-historical perspective, however, dualism should not be conceived as opposed to monotheism (as polytheism must be); on the contrary, it can be viewed as "monotheism itself in two opposite and contrary aspects". ...
• dualistic religious conception, it fits Zoroastrianism, in which a monotheistic tendency and a strong dualism coexisted. The problem is complicated by the fact that Iranian dualism was not unitary and static but a developing concept. ...
• Heterogeneity within the Iranian religious world must also be taken into account; in fact, the fundamentally ethical and philosophical dualism of Zoroaster (as found in the Gathas and in part of Zoroastrian tradition) must be distinguished from a metaphysical and ontological dualism in which two coexisting entities are opposed by their intrinsic natures, rather than by choice. This distinction is rejected by those who maintain the ontological nature of dualism in the Gathas and argue that reference to the two mainiius "spirits" is at most a "statement regarding their.
• The most lucid evaluation of dualism as a fundamental element of the Gathas is that of W. ...
• It can reasonably be concluded, however, that dualism lay at the heart of Zoroaster's message and that gathic dualism cannot be dismissed on grounds that Ahura Mazda stood above the two opposed spirits or that an eschatological expectation of the triumph of good pervades the Gathas. ...
• 3-4) is fundamental to understanding Iranian dualism: "The two primeval Spirits who are twins were revealed to me in sleep. ...
• Among the many other gathic texts in which dualism is emphasized are Yasna 45. ...
• Instead, the fundamental role of choice in Zoroastrian dualism should be kept in mind; the relationship between God and the devil did not involve direct dependence, because the notion of "childbirth" implicit in the concept of twin spirits refers to derivation from God of an undifferentiated spirit, which splits into twin spirits of opposite allegiance once human free will has emerged.
• Islamic hostility to dualism also influenced the Zoroastrian communities in Persia. ... After the Muslim conquest of Persia and the exodus of many Zoroastrians to India and after having been exposed to both Muslim and Christian propaganda, the Zoroastrians, especially the Parsis in India, went so far as to deny dualism and to view themselves as outright monotheists. ...
• Nevertheless, Iranian dualism spread widely east and west of the Iranian world, especially through Manicheism. ... In the West, although the connections are uncertain and the historical development difficult to reconstruct, religious dualism can be identified in the beliefs of Priscillianus and his followers in the late Roman empire, the Paulicians in the Byzantine empire, and later the Bogomils.

• Dualism.
•  In his book Matter and Consciousness, Paul Churchland examines the conflict between materialism and dualism. ... We begin by considering one form of dualism, called substance dualism. Churchland breaks down this concept further, into Cartesian dualism and popular dualism. After explaining substance dualism, he explores property dualism, which includes interactive property dualism and epiphenomalism. Be sure you understand the differences between these different forms of dualism, and the arguments for and against each. These different varieties of dualism are discussed on pages 7-22.
• After working through the different varieties of dualism, you may want to read the very short chapter in The Mind's I by Raymond Smullyan. ... Note the point they raise that Smullyan's chapter is an argument against epiphenomenalism rather than interactionist dualism (interactionism). Also note that in the Reflections, Hofstadter and Dennett do not make a distinction between substance dualism and property dualism in the way that Churchland does.
• Here we will include both forms of dualism: substance dualism and property dualism.
• Substance Dualism .
• Cartesian Dualism .
• Popular Dualism .
• Property Dualism .
• Interactionist Property Dualism .

• dualism.
• The first influential dualist theory in the West was Platonism, which claimed that there are actually two different worlds: the physical world of appearances and the higher world of intelligible Forms or Ideas or Essences (thus note the common connection of dualism to transcendentalism and idealism), with a similar separation in the human person between mind and body. ... Thus the idea of dualism was current throughout the Christian era - but it received a renewed impetus from Descartes, who held that reality is made up exclusively of Spirit and Matter, and that these two substances can never meet or interact - except in the human soul (which gives rise to the mind-body dichotomy). ... Even though dualism is a kind of pluralism and is opposed by monism, practically speaking dualists often put their emphasis on the "higher", more spiritual reality that their theoretical separations construct, so that they are often construed as adherents of idealism or transcendentalism, even though this is not strictly the case. ...
• See occasionalism, doctrine of pre-established harmony substance dualism, property dualism, Cartesian interactionist dualism, mind-body problem, monism. ...
• Introduction Dualism is a time-honoured philosophical position which is exemplified by: .
• There has been a recent revival of interest in the topic of Cartesian dualism amongst modern philosophers of mind and cognitive scientists. Arguments against dualism have been provided on the basis of both empirical evidence and on philosophical grounds, and clearly express the predominant view (e. ... However, a number of modern philosophers of mind, though in the minority, have come to the defence of dualism (e. ... The question of dualism is not only of historical interest, it also has important implications for the scientific enterprise. If a convincing rejection of dualism can be formulated, the classic mind-body problem will be solved by its becoming a non-problem and the materialist approach of modern science will be vindicated. If, conversely, dualism can be convincingly maintained, it is by no means obvious that empirical evidence will suffice for a thorough understanding of the mind -- in other words, understanding the brain may not be enough for understanding the mind. ...
• Descartes Descartes' mind/matter distinction can be found in his Meditations and is a particular kind of dualism Cartesian interactionist. Often, the term "Cartesian dualism" is used to refer to the general class of substance dualist theories. ... Cartesian interactionist dualism is a particular kind of substance dualism in which these two different kinds of substance can causally interact. ...
• This doctrine was formulated by Leibniz and is basically Cartesian interactionist dualism without the interaction. ...

• Varieties of Dualism .
• A conference on varieties of dualism and the prospects for physicalism, held at the University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, March 5, 6, 7, 1998. ...
• 3 pm William Hasker "Theology and the Metaphysics of Dualism".
• 1:30 pm Jaegwon Kim "Causality and Dualism".

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• Greetings everyone, Hey, I wrote not too long ago with a question about Dualism and whether or not it was appropriate to classify it as Dualistic. ... In light of this I was wondering why does Bahnsen (and to the best of my memory Van Til as well) distinguish Christianity from Dualism? And therefore my further question. ...
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• dualism.
• Keywords: Darwinism • dualism • Eccles • hypothetical realism • mind-body problem. ...
• abstract Keywords: brain evolution • developmental systems theory • dualism • exaptation • modularity • spandrels. ...
• Residual dualism in computational theories of mind. ... Keywords: computational theories of mind • dualism. ...

• Arguments for Dualism.
• One prominent contemporary argument for dualism starts with the premise that you have a special ways of knowing about your own mental states. ...
• A second contemporary line of argument for dualism focuses on the notion of consciousness, and argues that this phenomenon can't be explained in terms of brain chemistry and the like. ...

• Dualism and Communication Science .
• He achieved a set of assumptions producing what is known today as dualism. ...
• Dualism led people to believe that certain aspects of human experiences such as sensory perceptions and emotions, are somewhat less than explainable and perhaps less than real, while what is outside of the mind is sure, quantifiable, and subject to equations. ...
• THE PROBLEM WITH DESCARTES' DUALISM IN GENERAL: .
• Three distinguished scholars pinpoint the problems with dualism in general. ...
• According to Russell, Descartes' dualism brought to completion the dualism of Plato. He discusses the strong determinism that is part of dualism. ...
• Rose sees a newer version in dualism in discussions which separate mind from brain. ...
• COMMUNICATION SCIENCE AND DUALISM: .
• Dualism is problematic for the study of communication once that assertion is accepted. ...
• Dualism distinguishes entities to the point that one cannot be defined in terms of the other. ... Thus, if we can avoid unnecessary dualism we can avoid false dichotomies and explore systems of communication as well as isolated acts of communication. ...

• Home > Reference > Encyclopedia > dualism .
• dualism .
• In Plato's philosophy there is an ultimate dualism of being and becoming, of ideas and matter. Aristotle criticized Plato's doctrine of the transcendence of ideas, but he was unable to escape the dualism of form and matter, and in modern metaphysics this dualism has been a persistent concept. In modern philosophy dualism takes many forms. Thus in Immanuel Kant there is an ontological dualism between the phenomenal and noumenal worlds and an epistemological dualism between the passivity of sensation and the spontaneity of the understanding. In psychology occasionalism and interactionism both assumed a dualism of mind and matter. ...

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