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• Many of these events are regulated by the cooperative action of monomeric rab GTPases and their effector proteins. ...
• Munc13-4 Is an Effector of Rab27a and Controls Secretion of Lysosomes in Hematopoietic Cells.

• © 2000 by Society for Leukocyte Biology Leukocyte antimicrobial peptides: multifunctional effector molecules of innate immunity .
• Antimicrobial peptides are effector molecules of innate immunity that provide a first line of defense against pathogens. ...

• Cytokines, chemokines and other effector molecules involved in meningococcal disease .

•   Picture Effector.

• EffecTV is a real-time video effector. ...

• Review PLC-: A Shared Effector Protein in Ras-, Rho-, and Gß-Mediated Signaling .
• PLC- contains two Ras-associating domains located near the C terminus, and H-Ras regulates PLC- as a downstream effector. ...
• This G protein effector is dually regulated upstream by small monomeric GTPases of the Ras (18, 20) and Rho (21) families and by heterotrimeric G proteins (19, 22). ...
• Moreover, the unique presence of a C-terminal Ras-associating (RA) domain and an N-terminal Ras GEF domain suggested a bifunctional regulatory potential for PLC- as both an effector of Ras and an activator of downstream Ras GTPase signaling pathways. ...
• , K2150E), or by mutations of H-Ras in its effector-binding domain. ...
• Identification of PLC210, a Caenorhabditis elegans phospholipase C, as a putative effector of Ras. ...
• Phospholipase C : A novel Ras effector. ...

• It is becoming apparent that mitochondrial changes play a central role in apoptosis regulation in a three-step model of apoptosis: 1) a premitochondrial decision step during which upstream signal transduction pathways are activated to regulate Bcl-2 proteins; 2) a mitochondrial phase, during which mitochondrial homeostasis is lost resulting in the release of proteins that activate caspases as well as the disruption of mitochondria electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation, and ATP production; and 3) a postmitochondrial phase, during which proteins released from mitochondria cause the activation of Apaf-1 and initiator caspases followed by sequential activation of a cascade of effector caspase zymogens.
• The downstream "effector" caspases, such as caspase-3 and -7, are activated by initiators and function in the subsequent degradation of cellular components, thereby precipitating morphological and biochemical changes characteristic of apoptosis (69). Although effector caspases are perhaps activated in every apoptotic cell, only selective initiator caspases are activated by specific signaling pathways in a given dying cell after binding to pathway-specific adaptor proteins.
• The interaction between initiator caspases and upstream signaling molecules is mediated through their NH2-terminal regulatory sequences such as death effector domain (DED) and CARD domains (13, 81, 131, 211, 219). ...
• In addition, extracellular death ligands could bind to death receptors and activate death effector proteins through death domain adapters, also leading to caspase activation and apoptosis. ...
• The effector caspases cleave cellular proteins to disable critical homeostatic and repair processes essential for cell survival; they also disassemble key structural components including cytoskeleton and nuclear DNA (69). ...
• One group, including NIAP, cIAP1, cIAP2, x-IAP, and survivin, acts as substrate inhibitors of caspases to block the activation of different effector caspases (caspase-3 and caspase-7) (50-52, 57, 58). ... The other group of caspase regulators includes FLICE inhibitory protein (FLIP) and death effector protein in testis (DEFT) (13, 102, 103, 113, 131, 218, 219, 229, 233). These proteins regulate apoptosis through direct interaction with initiator caspases such as procaspase-8 and procaspase-10 through their death effector domains (103, 168, 212). ...
• Death effector domain-containing herpesvirus and poxvirus proteins inhibit both Fas- and TNFR1-induced apoptosis. ...
• Conversion of Bcl-2 to a Bax-like death effector by caspases. ...
• CLARP, a death effector domain-containing protein, interacts with caspase-8 and regulates apoptosis. ...
• DEFT, a novel death effector domain-containing molecule predominantly expressed in testicular germ cells. ...

• Lipid hydroperoxide generation, turnover, and effector action in biological systems .
• Lipid hydroperoxide generation, turnover, and effector action in biological systems. ...

• In the 312th Issue of EFFector:.
• EFFector is published by: .
• Current and back issues of EFFector are available via the Web at: http://www. ... org/effector/ .

• However, effector mechanisms of immunity against P. ... Thus, understanding effector mechanisms can help in designing strategies for better management of sight-threatening corneal inflammation. ...
• B-1 cells mainly reside in mucosal effector tissues, while conventional IgA+ B-2 cells reside in mucosal inductive sites (39). ... A recent study (30) has shown that a high frequency of IgA-committed B-1 cells occurs in the lacrimal gland (an effector site). ...
• Cytokines released by activated T cells may direct the activity of nonspecific effector cells (21, 37). ...

• © 2001 by Society for Leukocyte Biology Gelatinase B functions as regulator and effector in leukocyte biology .

• Pseudomonas syringae Hrp type III secretion system and effector proteins. ...
• The Avr (effector) proteins HrmA (HopPsyA) and AvrPto are secreted in culture from Pseudomonas syringae pathovars via the Hrp (type III) protein secretion system in a temperature- and pH-sensitive manner. ...
• Role of Type III Effector Secretion during Bacterial Pathogenesis in Another Kingdom.

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