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• Critical Issue: Working Toward Student Self-Direction and Personal Efficacy as Educational Goals .
• We as educators can nurture student self-direction and personal efficacy by providing students with opportunities before, during and after instruction to exercise some control of their own learning. ... An emphasis on student self-direction and efficacy means that we teach and engage students in specific strategies that offer them opportunities to make decisions and solve problems on their own without being told what to do at all times. ...
• For example, research suggests that students perform at higher levels if they have confidence in themselves (Pressley, 1987) and that personal efficacy is a matter of internal locus of control. ...
• Self-regulation and efficacy imply that students begin to share more in their own self-evaluation (Costa,1991; Wiggins, 1993; Barell, 1995) and not leave all assessment to their teachers. ...
• School districts commit to informing parents about the nature of student self-direction and personal efficacy, especially as it pertains to areas of curricular revision. ...
• School districts work to increase the community's level of concern about student self-regulation and efficacy as educational goals and their support for the corresponding curricular revision. ...
• Developing personal efficacy by identifying, valuing, and utilizing dispositions and habits of mind (Marzano 1992; Perkins, 1992) such as: acknowledging how thought affects actions; believing in one's ability to succeed; persisting; accepting responsibility for personal actions; overcoming impulsiveness and fostering deliberateness; becoming more open to others' ideas; listening; cooperating; and believing in the necessity for precision and clarity of thought. ...
• Self-assessment in portfolios or on videotape to enhance their personal control and efficacy. ...
• Administrators meet with students, teachers, parents, and other community members to discuss how to reach the goal of self-regulation, determination and efficacy in the school at large. ...
• DIFFERENT POINTS OF VIEW: Some psychologists point out that fostering self-determination and personal efficacy can conflict with our goals for collaborative work (Sigel) unless we find ways to mold both goals into our instructional programs. ...
• Other educators will note that efficacy and self-direction can refer not only to the individual but to a group, a class of students, that decides upon goals, designs strategies and collaboratively evaluates progress on a group basis. ...
• Finally, personal efficacy means taking control of one's destiny. ...
• Further, many parents are concerned that a reorientation toward student self-direction and personal efficacy will diminish the influence of home and school and inadequately prepare students for the work force. ...
• Jeff Howard and "Efficacy Project" .
• Efficacy Institute.

• Internet Self-Efficacy and the Psychology of the Digital Divide.
• Internet Self-Efficacy and Closing the Digital Divide .
• Internet self-efficacy, or the belief in one's capabilities to organize and execute courses of Internet actions required to produce given attainments, is a potentially important factor in efforts to close the digital divide that separates experienced Internet users from novices. Prior research on Internet self-efficacy has been limited to examining specific task performance and narrow behavioral domains rather than overall attainments in relation to general Internet use, and has not yielded evidence of reliability and construct validity. Survey data were collected to develop a reliable operational measure of Internet self-efficacy and to examine its construct validity. An eight-item Internet self-efficacy scale developed for the present study was found to be reliable and internally consistent. Prior Internet experience, outcome expectancies and Internet use were significantly and positively correlated to Internet self-efficacy judgments. Internet stress and self-disparagement were negatively related to Internet self-efficacy. ...
• Complexity, knowledge barriers to initial Internet adoption, and comfort and satisfaction issues faced by new users may be construed as self-efficacy deficits. Self-efficacy is the belief "in one's capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to produce given attainments" (Bandura, 1997, p. ... People who have little confidence in their ability to use the Internet, who are dissatisfied with their Internet skills or who are uncomfortable using the Internet may be said to have weak self-efficacy beliefs. Those with low self-efficacy should be less likely to perform related behaviors in the future (Bandura, 1982), in this case, adopt and use the Internet, than those with high degrees of self-efficacy. ...
• Within social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1982; 1997) self-efficacy is a form of self-evaluation that influences decisions about what behaviors to undertake, the amount of effort and persistence put forth when faced with obstacles, and finally, the mastery of the behavior. Self-efficacy is not a measure of skill; rather, it reflects what individuals believe they can do with the skills they possess. For example, in discussing computer self-efficacy, Compeau and Higgins (1995) distinguished between component skills such as formatting disks and booting up the computer and behaviors individuals can accomplish with such skills, such as using software to analyze data. Thus, Internet self-efficacy focuses on what a person believes he or she can accomplish online now or in the future. ...

• Luminous Efficacy Tables .
• The response of the eye as a function of frequency is called the luminous efficacy of the eye. ...
• Photopic Luminous Efficacy Vl .
• Scotopic Luminous Efficacy Vl .

• The company was founded in 1995 as a premier provider of advanced proprietary injectable and oral polymeric drug delivery systems for its own delivery products and products in partnership with pharmaceutical and biotech companies The Company's platform of technologies has demonstrated an ability to enhance the safety and efficacy of active agents; enable formulation of insoluble drugs, proteins and peptides or other difficult-to-deliver drugs; and create new market opportunities or add proprietary performance to existing drugs.

• An Assessment of the CDC Anthrax Vaccine Safety and Efficacy Research Program (2002).
• Strom, Editors, Committee to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of the Anthrax Vaccine, Medical Follow-Up Agency.
• CDC Anthrax Vaccine Safety & Efficacy Research Program: Interim Report (2001) (ISBN NI000349) Committee to Review the CDC Anthrax Vaccine Safety and Efficacy Research Program, Board of the Medical Follow-Up Agency.

• Fluoridation of Drinking Water: a Systematic Review of its Efficacy and Safety .
• CRD was funded by the Department of Health to carry out a systematic review into the efficacy and safety of the fluoridation of drinking water, as outlined in the Department of Health White Paper 'Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation'. ...

• Minireview Efficacy as a Vector: the Relative Prevalence and Paucity of Inverse Agonism .
• Competitive antagonists with the molecular property of negative efficacy demonstrate inverse agonism in constitutively active receptor systems. This is a phenotypic behavior that can only be observed in the appropriate assay; a lack of observed inverse agonism is evidence that the ligand does not possess negative efficacy only if it can be shown that constitutive receptor activity is present. ...
• Reciprocal Regulation of Agonist and Inverse Agonist Signaling Efficacy upon Short-Term Treatment of the Human {delta}-Opioid Receptor with an Inverse Agonist.

• and Efficacy Register of New .

• A Meta-analysis of the Efficacy of Second-Generation Antipsychotics .
• It has been suggested that SGAs seem falsely more efficacious than first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs) as a result of reduced efficacy due to use of a high-dose comparator, haloperidol. We performed (1) a meta-analysis of randomized efficacy trials comparing SGAs and FGAs, (2) comparisons between SGAs, (3) a dose-response analysis of FGAs and SGAs, and (4) an analysis of the effect on efficacy of an overly high dose of an FGA comparator. ...
• We included 124 randomized controlled trials with efficacy data on 10 SGAs vs FGAs and 18 studies of comparisons between SGAs. Two of us independently extracted the sample sizes, means, and standard deviation of the efficacy data. ...
• No efficacy difference was detected among amisulpride, risperidone, and olanzapine. ...
• Open Forum: Effectiveness Versus Efficacy of Second-Generation Antipsychotics: Haloperidol Without Anticholinergics as a Comparator.
• New Studies Raise Questions About Antipsychotic Efficacy.

• Our mission is to promote scientifically sound inquiries into the clinical efficacy, physiological mechanisms, patterns of use, and theoretical foundations of acupuncture, herbal therapy and other modalities of Oriental medicine.

• The additional guidance needed for antimicrobials can be found in the links for efficacy test guidelines, antimicrobial policy questions, and other antimicrobial guidance. ...
• Disinfectant Technical Science Section (DIS/TSS) Documents - for determining efficacy data requirements, label claims, and in some cases testing requirements.
• For example, EPA requires special tests to ensure efficacy of public health pesticides when the pests are invisible disease-causing microbes, rather than insects or rodents that may be harboring disease organisms. ...
• While providing health benefits of pathogen removal and, in some cases, safety benefits of materials preservation, they also involve risks of potential efficacy failure and exposure hazards. ...

• Safety and efficacy of sildenafil in postmenopausal women with sexual dysfunction.
• Efficacy was assessed at weeks 4, 8, and 12 using a newly developed 9-item, self-administered Index of Female Sexual Function (IFSF) and a global efficacy question ( GEQ Did treatment improve your sexual function?). ...

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