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• Kneeling Female Effigy Figure.
• Numerous effigy figures representing family members or servants were placed in the tombs to assist the deceased as their counterparts had done in life. This large, hollow female effigy figure represents the Chinesco style, distinguished by an emphasis on naturalism and oriental-like facial features. ...

• In Wisconsin Dells there are still examples of this ancient culture known as the "Effigy Mound Builders". One example is at the Kingsley Bend Wayside on Highway 16 where there are a group of about 20 burial and effigy mounds. ...
• Archaeologists are uncertain what happened to the effigy builders, but surmise they were assimilated into another culture, or simply abandoned the effigy mound phase of their development.   None of the present-day Native cultures in Wisconsin have traditions or legends which might shed light on the Effigy Mound Culture.

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• Spirits Made of Earth: The Effigy Mounds - Ho-Chunk Connection Revisited.
• The late prehistoric effigy mounds of the Upper Midwest bear silent witness to the formation, manipulation, and evolution of social identities across more than 1000 years. ... Examination of unpublished and published oral traditions of the Ho-Chunk suggest that a strong connection exists between these people, and their cultural beliefs, and the peoples who constructed the tens of thousands of effigy mounds that were once, and in some cases still are, interlaced with the natural landscape.
• Such claims were soundly rejected by archaeologist Warren Wittry, whose strident arguments against these ideas led successive generations of anthropologists to reject the Ho-Chunk-Effigy Mound connection out of hand. ...
• Over the past decade or so, however, voices questioning Wittry's dismissal of the Ho-Chunk-Effigy Mound connection have risen. Hall, for example, has re-evaluated effigy mound shape in relation to Ho-Chunk clan symbolism and argued that a close correlation exists. ...
• On a second line of investigation, Salzer, in his work at the Gottschall site in southwestern Wisconsin, has excellent evidence for the rendering of a Ho-Chunk legend as rock art sometime between 900 and 1000 AD, during the period when effigy mounds were still being constructed. ...
• Indeed, given the recent contributions on this topic, it seems likely that at least some of the ancestors of the Ho-Chunk were involved with effigy mound construction and related ceremonialism. ...
• Interestingly, the absence of evidence for such behaviors at effigy mound sites has been used alongside attempts at direct historical methodologies to argue against a Ho-Chunk-Effigy Mound connection. Alternatively, suggestions of hierarchical and perhaps matrifocal behaviors among the Ho-Chunk have been dismissed out of hand, forcing researchers to abandon any attempt at a direct historical approach to interpreting the Ho-Chunk past or the connection between effigy mound behavior and any known Native American population. ...
• One dimension of effigy mound behavior that seems key to understanding the place of these constructions within past social systems is the development of a cultural landscape. Although effigy mound sites have been recorded and re-recorded for nearly 150 years, it has only been recently that technological advances have allowed researchers to begin to integrate geophysical data into their investigations. ... Significantly, this area also has a high concentration of effigy mound groups and related Late Woodland sites as well as Upper Mississippian and Mississippian-related sites. ...
• Among the goals of the project was to simply quantify and begin to interpret the placement of effigy mound sites and the later Oneota sites, which many have argued replaced Late Woodland and effigy mound culture bearer sites in this region. ...
• Viewshed analysis was undertaken as a method of exploring what, if any, links might exist between different effigy mound groups.
• First, it was noted that a significant number of effigy mound groups are present atop bluffs or on relatively steep slopes overlooking not only the Wisconsin and Mississippi Rivers, but also several smaller order waterways that have heretofore not been considered as significant parts of the AD 1000 landscape. ...

• Mounds, Monuments, and the Politics of Power: Dimensions of Effigy Mound Function.
• The Effigy Mound tradition thrived in the US Upper Midwest between approximately 300 and 1300 AD. ... The production of effigy mounds served multiple purposes, at least some of which are closely related to public displays of generosity and prestige which were made to establish both social identities and social-political clout. ...
• This paper discusses communicative and sociopolitical behaviors attributable to the Effigy Mound Tradition of the Upper Midwest of the United States. ...
• These mounds were sometimes built into linear compositions and appear at sites associated both with materials normally associated with effigy mounds as well as at sites, such as Diamond Bluff and Aztalan, associated with the sociopolitically more complex Mississippian populations of the Midwest. ...
• Most effigy mounds, however, take the form of animals, including, apparently, spirit animals such as the so-called "water spirit. ...
• The "Ghost Eagle" effigy mound adjacent to Muscoda, Wisconsin, for instance, is estimated to have had a wing span of nearly 1/4 of a mile in antiquity. ...
• The "marching bear" theme on the south unit of Effigy Mounds National Monument in northeastern Iowa is among the most famous of these. Additional grouping occur throughout the Effigy Mound region, however, and several themes appear adjacent to or in close proximity of one another. Again, the examples from Effigy Mounds National Monument are among the best preserved of such groupings but clusters of mounds are documented from across the region. ...
• In terms of their relevance to the current session, the contents of effigy mounds is very telling - though sadly we lack the vocabulary to fully interpret what we are being told. ... Occasionally this hearth is positioned in the approximate location where the heart would be, were the effigy to represent a real animal, though no study has yet to be conducted to determine the percentage and significance of this positioning. ...
• Although some researchers have assumed the presence of a single mound-building cultural unit, others have expressed the opinion that effigy mounds were constructed by an unknown number of loosely-connected, roughly contemporaneous populations whose members shared similar values. ...
• However, the summary does present the general outlook that the people who built the effigy mounds were somewhat notably less sociopolitically complex than their Mississippian neighbors and perhaps even the Upper Mississippian peoples who came to dominate the Upper Midwest after about 1300 AD. As I have argued elsewhere (Staeck 1994, 1996a), such positions are potentially weak and, at the very least, do not do help to interpret the nature of effigy mound construction nor do they contribute to an understanding of ethnogenesis or sociopolitical dynamics during the late prehistoric era. ...
• Specifically, archaeologists currently lack a powerful interpretive model accounting for effigy mound construction and the accompanying social dynamics. Currently, two general interpretations exist for the development of effigy mounds and their functions. ...

• Mystery of the Effigy Bowl .
• The local museum was robbed last night! The Native American effigy bowl was broken. ...
• You will learn what an effigy bowl looks like. ...
• You will make an Effigy Bowl. ...
•    Read the information and then click on the words effigy bowls. ...
• Draw a picture of an effigy bowl. ...
• Now, using modeling clay, try to make an effigy bow. ...
• You should of made an effigy bowl. ...
• You should of gave the effigy bowl to the people who need it! .

• EFFIGY - ACETATE.

• Effigy mound near Burlington, Wisconsin.

• Some of Beloit College's Effigy Mounds .
• Scattered about the Beloit College campus are 23 conical, linear and animal effigy mounds built between about AD 700 and 1200. ... They were built by Native Americans identified by archaeologists as Effigy Mound peoples. ...
• The mounds are not high (no more than five feet) and usually small, although a newly-discovered bird effigy has a wingspan of 1310 feet. ...
• We are beginning to learn more about the Effigy Mound peoples. ...
• We think that Effigy Mound peoples joined up with the Oneota, since only the latter group lived in the area when the first explorers arrived. ...

• 'Effigy' gypsies unite at bonfire.
• Gypsies angered by the burning of an effigy of a traveller family at a firework event in Sussex last year have held their own bonfire celebrations. ...
• The Gypsy Bonfire Society was formed after Firle Bonfire Society members were not charged with inciting racial hatred for burning the caravan effigy. ...
• The controversial effigy of a gypsy caravan was burnt in the village of Firle, near Lewes, in October 2003. ...
• BBC Southern Counties Sport, travel and more from the BBC website for Surrey and Sussex SEE ALSO: 'No evidence' in effigy race case 07 Jul 04  |  Southern Counties Apology for burning gypsy effigy 03 Nov 03  |  Southern Counties Bonfire sparks complaints of racism 30 Oct 03  |  Southern Counties Gypsy effigies burnt on bonfire 28 Oct 03  |  Southern Counties RELATED INTERNET LINKS: Crown Prosecution Service Fireworks UK: Bonfire Societies Sussex Police Commission for Racial Equality The BBC is not responsible for the content of external internet sites TOP SOUTHERN COUNTIES STORIES NOW £60m fraud case collapse probed Doctor admits hitting young girl Anglers cross over lake sell-off Pupils helped to give up smoking TOP UK STORIES NOW Blair prepares to name poll date Camilla 'has no wish to be Queen' Call to reform mental health plan Police defend shooting man dead .

• Effigy mound culture.
• The Midwestern effigy mounds are some of the more fantastic earthworks from ancient times, and Wisconsin, we are proud to say, was at the center of the construction project. ...
• Effigy mound shapes from Antiquities of Wisconsin .
• Few village sites have been found from effigy-mound times, and although no mounds are known to exist near the Middleton excavation, it still offers welcome clues to the builders, says Birmingham. ...
• Birmingham wrote the book on what he calls "fantastic effigy mounds" -- see "Indian Mounds of Wisconsin" in the bibliography. ...
• Some colleagues believe that the people who built the effigy mounds could have been swept aside. ...

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