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• Fractures in Children.
• Management of the common fractures in children can be relatively easy, and the results are usually gratifying if a few fundamentals are skillfully applied. In contrast to the complex mechanical forces which break bones in adults, fractures in children result from simple injuries such as minor twists, falls on the outstretched arm and hand, fall from swing sets, etc. ... A few fractures have serious implication, and these require care by an expert in children's fractures. ...
• Types of Fractures .
• See related Provider Topics Bones, Joints and Muscles, Fractures, Injuries and Wounds or Orthopaedic Surgery.
• See related Patient Topics Bones, Joints and Muscles, Fractures, Injuries and Wounds or Orthopaedic Surgery.

• Wrist Fractures .
• Fractures of the radius and ulna .
• Fractures of these bones in the forearm are the most common wrist fractures in all age groups. These fractures generally occur during a fall on an outstretched hand. Children with these fractures may have only a small amount of swelling and deformity (the bone is out of its normal position). In adults, particularly the elderly, fractures near the wrist can cause a large amount of swelling and deformity. ...
• Most fractures are treated simply with a cast; sometimes the bone fragments must be gently pushed back to a more normal position before casting. Some fractures are unstable enough that a cast cannot hold the pieces of bone in a normal position for healing, and surgery may then be necessary. Patients with wrist fractures usually do very well, although some may have problems with slight stiffness or loss of motion. ...
• Scaphoid fractures.

• Risk Of Hip Fractures.
• htm 2-24-00       NEW YORK - Fluoride in drinking water increases the risk of hip fractures in women, according to an October 1999 American Journal of Epidemiology study. ... 5 mg/liter had significantly more hip fractures than similar women least exposed to fluoride at 0. ...   "These results suggest that fluoride may be associated with some gender-dependent mechanisms or risk factors for hip fractures," report the research team. ...   According to the Centers for Disease Control, in 1996, there were approximately 340,000 hospital admissions for hip fractures in the United States. Women sustain 75 percent-80 percent of all hip fractures. Medicare costs for hip fractures were estimated at $2. ... "About one-half of the people with hip fractures end up in nursing homes, and in the year following the fracture, 20 per cent of them die," reported Harold Slavkin, Director of National Institute of Dental Research (JADA, 1999).

• STRESS FRACTURES IN FEMALE RUNNERS.
• Forty-five percent of competitive female runners develop stress fractures, small cracks on the surface of the bones in their legs and feet. ...
• Some women who suffer stress fractures will not heal until they take estrogen or other bone strengthening medications such as etidronate. ...
• Stress fractures usually start out as a minor discomfort in the foot or leg, that occurs near the end of a long run. ... The most common sites for stress fractures are the bones in the front of the feet, and the long bone of the lower leg, but running can cause stress fractures anywhere, even in the pelvic bones. I often prescribe bone strengthening medications such as Fosamax or Evista to people with stress fractures that do not heal in six months. ...
• Risk factors for stress fractures in female track-and-field athletes: A retrospective analysis. ...

• FRACTURES.
•   Fractures of the bones are always very traumatic experiences. ... The most serious fractures are those to the skull and spine. ...
• The bones are soft and there may be non union of fractures.
• Suppuration of the bones after compound fractures, ulcers with thick yellow pus.
• Very useful in non union of fractures. ...
• Useful in compound fractures to prevent infection and promote healing of tissues. ...
• Preventative to tetanus in compound fractures. ... Fractures with much concomitant nerve damage and crush injuries. ...
• Useful in fractures where there has been much damage to the tendons, ligaments, and periosteum. ...
• Useful in non union of fractures and irritable bones at the point of injury. ... This remedy is use routinely for fractures.
• FRACTURES - ARN. ...
• Compound fractures - ARN, Calc. ...

• Bone Fractures.
• According to the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) fractures are among the most common orthopedic complaints, with approximately 7 million broken bones each year in the U. ... AAOS says men are more likely to experience fractures than women until about age 45. ... (Read about "Age and Bone Loss") AAOS says the most common fracture prior to age 75 is called a colles fracture (just above the wrist); in the elderly, hip fractures become the most common. (Read about "Hip Fractures") The Society of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology (SCVIR) says that osteoporosis causes 700,000 fractures of the vertebrae each year. ...
• According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) most fractures are caused by: .
• Prolonged standing, walking or running can cause stress fractures of the foot and ankle. ...
• There are five basic types of fractures according to AAOS. ...
• On the other hand, surgery may be required for more complicated breaks such as comminuted fractures. ...
• Wires - used with other devices or by themselves on small fractures in places like the foot or the hands .
• The best way to handle fractures is to prevent them in the first place. ...

• Skip navigation Calcium and vitamin D for preventing hip fractures.
• They were then re-assessed at 6, 12 and 18 months when they clinical status was recorded, together any information about fractures or adverse events. ... The main outcome measures were hip fractures and all non-vertebral fractures, though a small group of women also had biochemical variables and bone density measured. ...
• There was a significantly reduced number of fractures (all fractures and hip fractures) for all methods of analysis at 18 months and at 36 months. ...
• For hip fractures, the NNT of 20 means that 20 women have to be treated with calcium and vitamin D for 3 years to prevent a hip fracture in one who would have had a fractured hip had they all not been treated. The NNT to prevent fractures at any non-vertebral site was 14. ... The data on fractures is buttressed by information from bone density measurements - an average 3% increase in the treated group compared with a 5% decrease in the untreated group. ...
• There is a purist line which would support not censoring, but in a population where all cause death rates are high, reducing hip fractures in those still living is clearly the clinical outcome desired. ...
• Vitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in elderly women. ...
• Effect of calcium and cholecalciferol treatment for three years on hip fractures in elderly women. ...
• Vitamin D and Vitamin D analogues in the prevention of fractures in involutional and post-menopausal osteoporosis. ...

• Clavicle Fractures.
• Fractures of the clavicle are common in pediatrics.
• Clavicle fractures occur in 3% of live births. ...
• 5% of clavicle fractures are associated with brachial plexus injuries.
• Most fractures are secondary to falls with the arm outstretched or falling on the tip of the shoulder.
• Non-healing and neurovascular compromise are very rare with fractures of the clavicle.

• Bones where stress fractures often occur are those in the toes, foot, ankle, tibia or hip. Stress fractures are an injury common to athletes, particularly runners and dancers, or others who practice exercise that involves a repeated impact to a particular bone or joint. ...
•  Note: There are various types of traditional fractures, depending upon number and severity of breaks, and displacement of the bone once it has been injured; for the purposes of this article, we will concentrate only on stress fractures.   Your doctor can provide further information on other types of fractures.
•  In the case of stress fractures, you’re not so much looking for symptoms, as you are feeling them. Stress fractures often begin as a minor pain or even as a feeling of weakness in the affected area. ... I - which most people don’t have access to if they’re not medical professionals - it’s not surprising that most stress fractures aren’t diagnosed early. ...
• Common misconceptions concerning fractures are that in the case of a fracture, the patient will not be able to wiggle his or her toes, or to move the foot or ankle. ...
•   Do they do much standing? Walking?  Running?  Dancing?  Playing tennis?  What forms of exercise?  On what kind of surface?  How often?  How much time? How many miles?  Has any change been made to the routine lately, such as adding extra miles to a running route, playing more games of tennis or spending extra time working out in the dance studio or the aerobics club?  Often, stress fractures occur when the patient increases the duration or intensity of exercise without gradually building up to it. ...
• More severe fractures may require immobilization of the affected area, coupled with use of crutches. ...
• Stress fractures will begin to mend relatively quickly, as long as the patient is resting the injured area. ...
• How can stress fractures be prevented?  .
• Stress fractures, as we’ve now said numerous times, are the result of sustained impact. ...

• GROWTH PLATE INJURIES AND FRACTURES.
• Most injuries to the growth plate are fractures. Growth plate fractures comprise 15 to 30 percent of all childhood fractures. ... Older girls experience these fractures less often because their bodies mature at an earlier age than boys'. ...
• Growth plate fractures occur most often in the long bones of the fingers (phalanges), followed by the outer bone of the forearm (radius) at the wrist. ...
• Recreational activities, such as biking, sledding, skiing, and skateboarding, accounted for one-fifth of all growth plate fractures, while car, motorcycle, and all-terrain-vehicle accidents accounted for only a small percentage of fractures. ...
• One study reported that half of all fractures due to child abuse were found in children younger than age one, whereas only two percent of accidental fractures occurred in this age group. ...
• Children with certain neurological disorders that result in sensory deficit, muscular imbalance, or looseness in the ligaments are prone to growth plate fractures, especially at the ankle and knee. ...
• How are growth plate fractures diagnosed? .
• Since the 1960's, the Salter-Harris classification, which divides most growth plate fractures into five categories based on the type of damage, has been the standard. ...
• Unlike type I fractures, type II fractures typically have to be put back into place and immobilized for normal growth to continue. Because these fractures usually return to their normal shape during growth, sometimes the doctor does not have to manipulate this fracture back into position. ...
• All type VI fractures require surgery, and most will require later reconstructive or corrective surgery. ...
• Some fractures require periodic evaluations until the child's bones have finished growing. ...
• Most growth plate fractures heal without any lasting harm. ...
• The five fracture types are described in the section, How Are Growth Plate Fractures Diagnosed? .

• Fractures from Osteoporosis.
• Hip fractures.
• In 1988, Canadians had 15,000 hip fractures. ... By 1993, the total number of hip fractures had increased to 25,000. Because the Canadian population is aging, it is estimated that hip fractures will increase by 73. ...
• Spine fractures.
• Doctors call osteoporosis-related fractures in the spine 'wedge' or 'crush' fractures. ... Repeated fractures may cause: .
• Wrist fractures.
• Osteoporosis-related fractures of the wrist are usually the result of a fall on the outstretched hand. ... Wrist fractures are painful, and need to stay immobile in a plaster cast for four to six weeks. ...

• Fractures in children .
• Fractures in children differ from those in adults. ...
• Often fractures in children do not involve complete separation of the bone into two fragments .
• Incomplete fractures are common, and several fracture types occur that are not seen in adults. ...
• The immature skeleton contains multiple growth plates, which may be involved in fractures in a variety of patterns unique to children. ...

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