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• Through the Eyes of Galileo & Galileo Glasses.
• By the time Galileo died under house arrest in 1642, he was completely blind. ... Despite his vision problems, Galileo never slowed down. With the help of his students, and driven by fierce determination, Galileo taught, conducted research and published his findings. Click here to view some of Galileo's actual sunspot drawings.
• Students will use simple materials to fabricate glasses that simulate Galileo's poor eyesight. They will copy a picture of sunspots captured by the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) on January 16, 2000 -- while wearing "Galileo glasses" to understand better what it was like for Galileo to pursue his solar research.
• Students will need a copy of the Galileo Glasses activity sheet, wax paper, construction paper, scotch tape, plastic wrap, scissors, and a template for the glasses. After constructing the Galileo glasses, they will need a copy of the Through the Eyes of Galileo activity sheet and a picture of the Sun from Jan 16, 2000.
• Distribute the activity sheets (Galileo Glasses & Through the Eyes of Galileo) and read through them. Explain the likely cause of Galileo's vision problems (looking directly at the Sun). Ask your students what they think it might have been like for Galileo to do science experiments and observations with blurry vision. ...
• , and begin work on the Galileo Glasses.
• When the glasses are ready, remind your students that Galileo made drawings in 1612 of sunspots from images that were projected on a piece of paper by his telescope. ... Now, ask the students to pretend that they are Galileo (wear the glasses) and copy the SOHO image to the circle on their activity sheet.
• Discuss: Was it difficult for Galileo to do research with impaired vision? Is it a good idea to look directly at the Sun? (NO!) If there's time you can print one of Galileo's actual sunspot drawings from 1612, photocopy it onto transparency paper, and show it to your students for comparison to their own work.

• Galileo Galilei.
• Galileo discovered four of Jupiter's moons almost four hundred years ago. ...
• Galileo Galilei was an Italian physicist and astronomer. ... Galileo's father, Vincenzo Galilei, was a well-known musician. ...
• In 1581, Galileo was sent to the University of Pisa to study medicine. While a student at the university, Galileo discovered that he had a talent for mathematics. ...
• In 1609, Galileo heard about the invention of the spyglass, a device which made distant objects appear closer. Galileo used his mathematics knowledge and technical skills to improve upon the spyglass and build a telescope. ...
• Galileo's observations strengthened his belief in Copernicus' theory that Earth and all other planets revolve around the Sun. Most people in Galileo's time believed that the Earth was the center of the Universe and that the Sun and planets revolved around it.
• The Catholic Church, which was very powerful and influential in Galileo's day, strongly supported the theory of a geocentric, or Earth-centered, Universe. After Galileo began publishing papers about his astronomy discoveries and his belief in a heliocentric, or Sun-centered, Universe, he was called to Rome to answer charges brought against him by the Inquisition (the legal body of the Catholic Church). Early in 1616, Galileo was accused of being a heretic, a person who opposed Church teachings. ... Galileo was cleared of charges of heresy, but was told that he should no longer publicly state his belief that Earth moved around the Sun. Galileo continued his study of astronomy and became more and more convinced that all planets revolved around the Sun. ... Galileo was once again called before the Inquisition and this time was found guilty of heresy. Galileo was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1633. ... Galileo died on January 8, 1642.

• --> Galileo Galilei (1564-1642).
• Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) in his early forties, a few years before the beginning of his groundbreaking telescopic observations in 1609. ...
• Prior to 1609, Galileo had only shown passing interest in astronomical matters, despites privately presenting himself as a Copernican. ... First little known outside of Italy, Galileo's telescopic discovery in 1609 and 1610 instantly propelled him into international fame, and won him a position at the Florentine Court, as chief mathematician and philosopher to the Grand Duke of Tucsany, Cosimo de Medici II. ...
• Galileo's telescopic discoveries, published in his landmark 1610 book Sidereus Nuncius shook the very foundations of the Ptolemaic/Aristotelian cosmology. ...
• In the following two years Galileo made two new sets of observations that would further undermine the prevailing Aristotelian/Ptolemaic cosmology. ... Galileo published his views on the latter in his Three Letters to Mark Wesler, in response to the three letters written earlier by Christoph Scheiner to the same Wesler. Controversy over the priority of discovery of sunspots would later turn Scheiner and Galileo into bitter enemies. ...
• Following the 1616 decree suspending for revision Copernicus' De Revolutionibus and an injunction by Cardinal Roberto Bellarmino not to hold or defend the Copernican doctrine, Galileo turned to the problem of the tides, hoping in doing to to provide a proof of the motion of the Earth. Galileo's pro-Copernican campaign culminated with the publication of his 1632 Dialogue concerning the two chief world systems. ... In September 1632 Galileo was summoned to Rome by the Inquisition and was put on trial. ...
• On June 22 1633 Galileo was forced to kneel in front of the Roman Inquisition and recant his beliefs in the Copernican doctrine and the motion of the Earth. ... Galileo's Dialogue was put on the Index of Prohibited Books, as well as Copernicus' De Revolutionibus and the books of Kepler dealing with planetary theory. ...
• Galileo's sentence was upheld rather rigidly despites numerous appeals to the Inquisition and the Pope by Galileo himself, as well as numerous prominent scientists and statesmen in Italy and Europe. After Galileo became blind in 1637, the enforcement of his sentence was relaxed somewhat, and he was allowed to receive visitors for extended periods of time. ...
• Galileo died on the evening of January 8, 1642. ... His books, together with those of Copernicus and Kepler, were removed from the Index in 1835, and only in 1992 did the Roman catholic Church formally admitted to having erred in dealing with Galileo. ...

• Galileo Demonstrates the Telescope .
• Explanation: Galileo Galilei made a good discovery great. Upon hearing at age 40 that a Dutch optician had invented a glass that made distant objects appear larger, Galileo crafted his own telescope and turned it toward the sky. Galileo quickly discovered that our Moon had craters, that Jupiter had it's own moons, that the Sun has spots, and that Venus has phases like our Moon. Galileo, who lived from 1564 to 1642, made many more discoveries. Galileo claimed that his observations only made sense if all the planets revolved around the Sun, as championed by Aristarchus and Copernicus, not the Earth, as was commonly believed then. The powerful Inquisition made Galileo publicly recant this conclusion, but today we know he was correct. ...

• false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Galileo and Einstein.
• The first, in which Galileo played the leading role, was the realization that what we see in the heavens -- the moon, the planets, the sun and stars -- are physical objects. For example, the moon has a rocky surface, not unlike some parts of earth, and is not made of some exotic ethereal substance, as had been generally believed before Galileo. ...
• It will begin by reviewing some of the Greek contributions to math and science, which were essential to both Galileo and Einstein in their work. ...
• We shall do some of Galileo's experiments which led to understanding motions of projectiles, and show how Newton connected these results with the motion of the Moon, and thereby all the planets. ...
• Galileo's Ideas in His Own Words (well, in translation).
• PBS Website on Galileo:.
• NOVA PRESENTS GALILEO’S BATTLE FOR THE HEAVENS.
• org/nova/galileo.
• An Art of Renaissance Science course at CUNY: Here is a nice presentation of Galileo's work and impact on general culture. ...
• -->Galileo Museum in Florence This has everything, including Galileo's forefinger. ...
• The NASA Galileo Jupiter probe: this spacecraft has recently taken some fascinating closeups of Jupiter's moons. ...
• The Galileo Project, by Albert van Helden, the translator and editor of our Sidereus Nuncius text, provides information about Galileo's life and work. The project includes a section about Galileo's daughter, Maria Celeste, with the text of her letters to Galileo, as translated by Dava Sobel, author of Galileo's Daughter. ...
•  The University of Virginia offers a graduate course on Galileo and Einstein that can be taken at home. ...
• The Fall 2003 Galileo & Einstein Home Page is here. ...

• Galileo Tour (Next) .
• Galileo Pages .
• Galileo .
• Index Galileo Galilei .
• Galileo (1564-1642) was the first astronomer to make full use of the telescope, observing the craters of the moon and the satellites of Jupiter. ...
• Galileo Galilei was born in 1564 at Pisa. Galileo began his studies in medicine at the University of Pisa, but soon dropped out, preferring to study mathematics with Ostilio Ricci. ... By 1598, Galileo believed in the truth of the Copernican theory, as he wrote to Kepler. ...
• In 1609, Galileo heard of the telescope while in Venice, and on his return, constructed one for himself. In 1610, Galileo published his telescopic discoveries in The Starry Messenger, and dedicated the four satellites of Jupiter that he had discovered to Cosimo II, Grand Duke of Tuscany, naming them 'the Medicean stars'. ...
• In The Starry Messenger, in addition to the satellites of Jupiter, Galileo reported that the milky-way was a collection of stars and how the moon in fact had a ragged surface like earth. The Starry Messenger was a sensational success, and Galileo became well known throughout Europe. In 1611, Galileo traveled to Rome, where the Collegio Romano, at the behest of Robert Bellarmino, confirmed Galileo's findings. Frederico Cesi hosted a banquet in honour of Galileo, and was elected to Cesi's 'Accademia dei Lincei' (Academy of the Lynxes). In Rome, Galileo also met Cardinal Maffeo Barberini, who later sided with him on the controversy over floating bodies at a court dinner in Florence. ...
• Benedetto Castelli, Galileo's student, who was present, asked Galileo to comment on the central point of that conversation ? the conflict between the Bible and the heliocentric doctrine. ... In it, Galileo famously declared that the Bible teaches how to go to heaven, not how the heavens go. Galileo's belief in the truth of the Copernican hypothesis alarmed Dominicans such as Tommaso Caccini and Niccolo Lorini, and the Inquisition examined Galileo's letter to Christina. Thus began Galileo's trouble with the Catholic Church. ...

• To the Galileo Magnetometer Team's WWW homepage. The Galileo Magnetometer Team is led by Dr. ...
• Overview of the Galileo Project.
• Project Galileo Quick-Look Orbit Facts.
• Project Galileo Homepage.
• Galileo Plasma Investigation.
• Galileo Energetic Particles Investigation.
• Galileo Plasma Wave Investigation.
• Galileo Heavy Ion Counter.
• Galileo Dust Detector.
• Galileo UVS/EUV.
• Galileo Plasma Facts.
• Galileo's Inter-Discipline Scientist (IDS) at UCLA .
• Galileo: Solid State Imaging.
• Galileo to Jupiter.
• Galileo Images & Animations.

• Galileo (1564-1642).
• Galileo, Italian physicist and astronomer, was born at Pisa February 15, 1564 and died at Arcetri, near Florence, January 8, 1642. ...
• Galileo's opposition to the Ptolemaic cosmology first brought him under the suspicion of the Inquisition in 1611, though he continued his investigations and publicly defended the Copernican system. ... In 1615 a copy of this letter was produced before the Inquisition, with the result that the following year Galileo was warned by the pope to desist from his heretical teachings on the pain of imprisonment. ...
• Galileo's chief contributions to science are his formulation of the laws governing failing bodies, the invention of the telescope, the discovery of the isochronism of the pendulum, and numerous astronomical discoveries, including the phases of Venus, four satellites of Jupiter, and the spots on the sun. ...

• Galileo.
• Galileo (Galilei), astronomer, mathematician, and physicist was another of those great anti-Aristotelian scientists of the age, such as Johann Kepler (1571-1630) who also published laws of planetary motion. ...
• Galileo was an Italian. ... Galileo discovered that the path of a projectile is a parabola, and he is credited with anticipating Isaac Newton's laws of motion. In 1609 Galileo constructed the first astronomical telescope, which he used to discover the four largest satellites of Jupiter and the stellar composition of the Milky Way, and in 1632 he published his Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, a work that upheld the Copernican system rather than the Ptolematic system and marked a turning point in scientific and philosophical thought. ...
• His last book, Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences (1638), contains most of Galileo's contributions to physics.

• The Galileo Project > Chronology > Galileo Timeline .
• Galileo Timeline.
• This timeline provides a detailed chronology of Galileo's life. ...
• Galileo, their first child, is born.
• Galileo is baptized in the baptistry of the cathedral of Pisa.
• Galileo is at the monastery of Santa Maria di Vallombrosa, where he considers joining the order.
• Galileo returns to his family in Florence.
• Galileo matriculates as a students of the "Arts" at the University of Pisa. ...
• According to Vincenzo Viviani, Galileo's first biographer, during his student days at Pisa Galileo formulated the isochronism of the pendulum while watching the oscillations of a lamp in the cathedral of Pisa. ...
• Galileo first studies Euclid's Elements--not at the university, but in Florence under the court mathematician Ostilio Ricci. ...
• Galileo begins to work on certain problems in physics, following Archimedes rather than Aristotle. ...
• His son, Galileo, may have helped him with these and surely was aware of them.
• Galileo gives two public lectures at the Accademia Fiorentina (Florentine Academy) about the shape, location, and dimensions of hell as described in Dante's Inferno.
• In On Motion Galileo uses the Archimedian approach to motion: the speed of falling bodies is proportional to their density, not their weight as Aristotle had maintained.
• According to Vincenzo Viviani Galileo demonstrated his conclusions by dropping weights from the leaning tower of Pisa. ...
• Vincenzo Galilei dies, leaving Galileo, his oldest son, as the head of the family. ...

• Scientists are eager for a closer look at the solar system's strangest and most active volcanoes when Galileo flies by Io on October 11.
• Right: Digital Radiance simulation of Pillan Patera just before the Galileo flyby. ...
• Such measurements combined with Voyager and Galileo data show that some volcanoes on Io have been active for at least 20 years. ...
• Above: This false color infrared composite of Jupiter's moon Io was produced from images acquired in July and September, 1996 by NASA's Galileo spacecraft. ...
• What makes the lava around the volcanic vents so incredibly hot? What are the plumes made of? What causes the many colors of Io's mottled surface? Scientists hope that these and many other questions will finally have answers after Galileo makes two daring passes less than 620 km above Io on October 11 and November 25, 1999. In November Galileo might even pass through the plume of Pillan Patera, making it the first spacecraft ever to fly through an alien volcano. ...
• "For the October flyby we'll be targeting four major volcanoes," says JPL's Duane Bindschadler, the manager of Galileo's Science Planning and Operations Team, "Pillan Patera, Prometheus (the most prominent one on the surface), Loki, and Pele. ...
• This image and other data from NASA's Galileo spacecraft indicate that the lava at Pillan Patera (marked Pillan) exceeded 1,700 degrees kelvin (2,600 degrees Fahrenheit) and may have reached 2,000 degrees kelvin (3,140 degrees Fahrenheit). ...
• Now the questions is 'are any of the lava flows sulfurous?' Galileo has detected areas on Io with temperatures between 300 and 600 K. ... If we're lucky Galileo will fly right over one of these spots in October and we'll have the answer. ...
• That's something we might see in the high resolution Galileo images. ...
• Above: Volcanoes on Jupiter's moon Io are compared in these images from NASA's Galileo spacecraft (right) taken in early September 1996, and from the Voyager spacecraft (left) taken in 1979. ... A smaller active plume was discovered at the volcano Culann Patera (dark feature at lower left) by the Galileo spacecraft. ...
• Galileo has been orbiting Jupiter and its moons since December 1995. ... More information about the Galileo mission is available at: http://www. ... gov/galileo/ .

• No part of this electronic representation of Galileo's manuscript Ms. ...
• Galileo's notes on motion and mechanics document his work on mechanical problems over a period of more than forty years. ... They contain numerous short texts in Latin and Italian, representing sketches of proofs, but also extended drafts intended for publication, calculations, tables of calculated numbers, diagrams, and even some documents pertaining to experiments performed by Galileo. The manuscript is considered the essential source of information on the intellectual route followed by Galileo in achieving the insights he submitted in the Discorsi. ...

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