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• GERM PLASM IN INSECTS.
• The importance of insect germ plasm had been shown by critical experiments before the age of molecular biology. ... These two nuclei eventually give rise to the germ cells. ... When the ligature is loosened and a diminished nucleus enters the posterior pole, germ cells are made but never differentiate into functional gametes (Geyer Duszynska, 1959). Kunz and co workers (1970) have shown that the eliminated chromatin contains genes that are active during germ cell production. ...
• To test whether or not these cells had become functioning germ cell precursors, Mahowald and Illmensee transplanted these modified anterior cells into the posterior region of cleaving embryos containing their own genetically marked pole cells. ... There is evidence from other organisms that the pole plasm also contains determinants for the proper migration of germ cells). ... In four cases, however, wild type progeny emerged, indicating that some of the germ cells in these flies derived from the transplanted cells; the germ plasm from one embryo was able to cause the anterior nuclei of another embryo to develop into functioning germ cells! This technique has also proved useful in showing the time of the germ cell determinant's localization. ...
• Ability of germ plasm to determine the fate of cells that contain it. ... Subsequently, the cells in the anterior pole resemble the normal germ cell precursors seen at the posterior pole. ... When these flies are mated to other flies with the second series of mutations (which did not have transplanted cells), some of the progeny are wild type, indicating that the germ cells of these progeny came from a nonparental strain of fly. ...
• Induction of germ cells at the anterior pole of the egg. ...
• The ontogeny of germ plasm during oogenesis in Drosophila. ...
• On the function of the germ line chromosomes in the oogenesis of Wachtiella persiariae (Cecidomyiidae). ...

• Germ Line Mosaicism .
• One area that causes frequent misunderstanding is the phenomenon of germ line mosaicism.
• that she may have germ line mosaicism with regard to her dystrophin genes. ...
• Since sperm and egg cells are known as germ cells (from the Latin word germen, for "bud" or "embryo"), this batch of cells that's set aside is called the germ line.
• As the embryo develops into a fetus, and continuing after the child's birth, the germ line cells divide and multiply. ...
• At any stage — from embryonic life through puberty or even later — mutations (changes) in the genes in the germ cells can occur. If mutations occur early, they affect many "offspring" (new sperm or egg cells) of the early germ cells. ...
• When germ line mutations occur, they rarely affect other cells in the body, because the germ line was segregated from the other body cells early in embryonic life. When mutations occur after the germ line has separated, there's a good chance they'll affect many sperm or egg cells but not any other cells, such as blood or skin cells, which are used in genetic testing.
• The condition of having some germ cells affected and some not is called germ line or germinal mosaicism, derived from the idea of a mosaic pattern. ...
• If a child is conceived with one of the germ cells carrying a mutation, the child can inherit a disease-causing gene flaw, even though blood DNA tests in the parents won't show any flaw.
• 's counselor is telling her that she may be a germ line mosaic and she can't assume that her negative DNA test, based on analysis of blood cells, proves that Danny's dystrophin mutation was a one-time event. ...
• 's possible germ line mosaicism could transmit a dystrophin mutation fairly often.
• It isn't possible to get an accurate test of whether a man or woman is a germ line carrier for a particular disease because there's no way to test a representative sample of someone's sperm or egg cells. Even if a sample of germ cells shows no mutations, other germ cells still may have the mutation. Nor can tests show what percentage of a person's germ cells has a flaw.

• The GERM initiative is a community wide effort in geochemistry that works towards a complete chemical characterization of the Earth, its major reservoirs (core, mantle, crust, hydrosphere and atmosphere) and the fluxes between them. The GERM website is conceived as an up-to-date display of geochemical reference information as well as an active workplace for the geochemical research community. Currently, one of the most important aspects of GERM is the process of working towards such a reference model — since there is no general consensus on the composition of all geochemical reservoirs of the Earth. ...
• The entire GERM website uses frames. ... org/GERM/ link again. ...

• Germ warfare timeline.
• Shiro Ishii, a physician and army officer who was intrigued by germ warfare, begins preliminary experiments.
• 1942 -- Ishii begins field tests of germ warfare on Chinese soldiers and civilians. ...
• coverup of secret deal with Ishii and Unit 731 leaders -- germ warfare data based on human experimentation in exchange for immunity from war-crimes prosecution -- begins in earnest. ...
• 1981 -- John Powell, a former publisher of a Shanghai magazine who was unsuccessfully tried for sedition in the early 1950s after accusing the United States of using germ warfare in Korea, exposes immunity deal in the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists.
• prisoners of war in Manchuria were victims of germ-warfare experimentation. ...

• Germ Theory and Its Applications to Medicine and Surgery, 1878.
• Germ Theory And Its Applications To Medicine And Surgery1.
• 3 This was an impurity, introduced, unknown to us, at the same time as the septic vibrio; and the germ undoubtedly passed from the intestines - always inflamed and distended in septicemic animals - into the abdominal fluids from which we took our original cultures of the septic vibrio. ...
• But, if oxygen destroys the vibrios, how can septicemia exist, since atmospheric air is present everywhere? How can such facts be brought in accord with the germ theory? How can blood, exposed to air, become septic through the dust the air contains?.
• " Only the adult vibrios disappear, burn up, and lose their virulence in contact with air: the germ corpuscles, under these conditions, remain always ready for new cultures, and for new inoculations.
• Footnote 4: By the terms "germ" and "germ corpuscles," Pasteur undoubtedly means "spores," but the change is not made, in accordance with note 2, p. ...
• In the deeper layers, on the other hand, towards the bottom of this centimeter of septic fluid we suppose to be under observation, the vibrios continue to multiply by fission-protected from the action of oxygen by those that have perished above them: little by little they pass over to the condition of germ corpuscles with the gradual disappearance of the thread forms. ... 5 Thus is formed, containing the latent germ life, no longer in danger from the destructive action of oxygen, thus, I repeat, is formed the septic dust, and we are able to understand what has before seemed so obscure; we can see how putrescible fluids can be inoculated by the dust of the air, and how it is that putrid diseases are permanent in the world.
• Footnote 5: In our note of July 16th, 1877, it is stated that the septic vibrio is not destroyed by the oxygen of the air nor by oxygen at high tension, but that under these conditions it is transformed into germ corpuscles. ... The vibrio is destroyed by oxygen, and it is only where it is in a thick layer that it is transformed to germ-corpuscles in the presence of oxygen and that its virulence is preserved. ...
• It is impossible, then, to assert that there is a separate virulent substance, either fluid or solid, existing, apart from the adult vibrio or its germ. ... Since the virulence persists under these conditions it can only be due to the germ corpuscles - the only thing present. ...
• Sedillot, after long meditation on the lessons of a brilliant career, did not hesitate to assert that the successes as well as the failures of Surgery find a rational explanation in the principles upon which the germ theory is based, and that this theory would found a new Surgery - already begun by a celebrated English surgeon, Dr. ...

• Definition: germ.
• 7 germ n 1: anything that provides inspiration for later work syn: source, seed 2: a small simple structure (as a fertilized egg) from which new tissue can develop into a complete organism 3: a minute life form (especially a disease-causing bacterium); the term is not in technical use syn: microbe, bug .
• Source: Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) Germ \Germ\, n. ... ) The germ cells, collectively, as distinguished from the somatic cells, or soma. Germ is often used in place of germinal to form phrases; as, germ area, germ disc, germ membrane, germ nucleus, germ sac, etc. Germ \Germ\, n. ... germen, germinis, sprout, but, germ. ... ) That which is to develop a new individual; as, the germ of a fetus, of a plant or flower, and the like; the earliest form under which an organism appears. ... two distinct classes of action participate; namely, the act of generation by which the germ is produced; and the act of development, by which that germ is evolved into the complete organism. ... That from which anything springs; origin; first principle; as, the germ of civil liberty. Disease germ (Biol. ... See Germ theory (below). Germ cell (Biol.

• org: (1) the Geochemical Earth Reference Model (GERM) database contains geochemical abundance data for reservoirs in the Earth; (2) the partition coefficient database contains Kd estimates for various rock-types and minerals; (3) the seamount catalog archives maps, grid files and multibeam data for seamounts; (4) the Magnetics Information Consortium (MagIC) databases contain analytical data for paleo- and rock-magnetism; (5) the EarthRef Digital Archive (ERDA) holds any digital object as uploaded by scientists for free; (6) the EarthRef Reference Database (ERR) holds more than 80,000 publications including PDF images of the abstracts, data tables, methods and appendices for more than 1,800 publications, together with their digitized contents in Microsoft Word and Excel formats; (7) the EarthRef Address Book (ERAB) contains contact information for all EarthRef. ...

• Germ.
• For the Pre-Raphaelite journal entitled The Germ, see The Germ (periodical). For the mathematical notion of an equivalence class of functions, see Germ (mathematics) .
• Germ is an informal term for a disease-causing organism, particularly bacteria (as in germ warfare). The word is not to be confused with the term from developmental biology (as in wheat germ).
• One of the first people to postulate that some diseases were caused by the presence of some kind of very small 'seed' (the original meaning of 'germ') that germinated or multiplied in the body to produce the disease was Ignaz Semmelweis, a Hungarian doctor, practising in an obstetrics ward in the 1840s. ...
• germ theory of disease .
• org/wiki/Germ" Views.

• Germ Cells.
•   Search for Germ Cells  .

• HOME :: CHAPTER 19  :: THE INSECT GERM PLASM :: THE DISCOVERY OF INSECT GERM PLASM.
• The Discovery of Insect Germ Plasm.
• Hegner (1911) found that when he removed or destroyed this region of beetle eggs before pole cell formation had occurred, the resulting embryos had no germ cells and were sterile. This pole plasm contained the determinants of the germ cells. ...
• The importance of insect germ plasm had been shown by critical experiments before the age of molecular biology. ... These two nuclei eventually give rise to the germ cells. ... When the ligature is loosened, and a diminished nucleus enters the posterior pole, germ cells are made but never differentiate into functional gametes (Geyer-Duszynska 1959). Kunz and co-workers (1970) have shown that the eliminated chromatin contains genes that are active during germ cell production. ...
• To test whether or not these cells had become functioning germ cell precursors, Mahowald and Illmensee transplanted these modified anterior cells into the posterior region of cleaving embryos containing their own genetically marked pole cells. ... There is evidence from other organisms that the pole plasm also contains determinants for the proper migration of germ cells. ... In four cases, however, wild-type progeny emerged, indicating that some of the germ cells in these flies derived from the transplanted cells; the germ plasm from one embryo was able to cause the anterior nuclei of another embryo to develop into functioning germ cells! This technique has also proved useful in showing the time of the germ cell determinant's localization. ...
• Figure 2   Ability of germ plasm to determine the fate of cells that contain it. ... Subsequently, the cells in the anterior pole resemble the normal germ cell precursors seen at the posterior pole. ... When these flies are mated to other flies with the second series of mutations (which did not have transplanted cells), some of the progeny are wild-type, indicating that the germ cells of these progeny came from a nonparental strain of fly. ...
• Induction of germ cells at the anterior pole of the egg. ...
• The ontogeny of germ plasm during oogenesis in Drosophila. ...

• Secret US germ tests threat to treaty.
• The Pentagon has secretly built a germ factory capable of .
• allow the US to defend itself in the face of germ warfare,.
• and where, it was conducting defensive germ research.
• of the Pentagon, to build its own germ factory in the middle.

• Mouse embryonic germ cells and male gametes created in the lab.
• Working with embryonic stem cells from mice, researchers at Children's Hospital Boston/Harvard Medical School and the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research created a continuously growing line of embryonic germ cells - primitive cells in the embryo that mature to become sperm or eggs -- providing for the first time an opportunity to study this process in the Petri dish. ...
• EMBRYONIC GERM CELLS.
• Embryonic germ cells are a unique group of cells that the embryo sets aside for future reproduction. ...
• Next, the researchers isolated germ cells from the embryoid bodies and cultured them in a dish along with growth factors. The result was a continuously growing line of embryonic germ cells. These methods now provide a cell culture system in which the unique properties of embryonic germ cells can now be more easily studied. ...
• First, the researchers want to study embryonic germ cells to better understand a set of genetic instructions called imprints. ... Cells maintain these imprints throughout life - but in embryonic germ cells, the imprints are erased. ...
• "We hope to use these embryonic germ cells to study how the erasure process is initiated normally, and how it is disrupted in some cancers," he says. ...
• Embryonic germ cells may also aid in understanding the process of cell specialization. ... But embryonic germ cells are the only cells within the developing organism to maintain the capacity to generate all tissues, also called pluripotency. ...
• In the second phase of the research, the investigators asked whether the germ cells could be coaxed into becoming functional gametes - reproductive cells -- under laboratory conditions. ...
• The researchers used the same embryoid bodies that generated the embryonic germ cells, but this time, they grew the bodies for two to three weeks, allowing the germ cells to mature into male gametes that could be isolated in the lab. ...
• The ability to make both embryonic germ cells and male gametes in the lab is unprecedented and has powerful implications for understanding how germ cells mature, and may suggest new approaches to infertility, says Geijsen. ... "Something goes wrong in the germ cell at a very early stage. ...

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