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1. Getting helium in a balloon
- van.hep.uiuc.edu
- Getting helium in a balloon.
- How do you put helium in a balloon? .
- Helium usually comes in steel tanks (called "cylinders") and is stored under high pressure so you can fit a lot of it in a small space. Helium is mostly gotten from oil and gas drilling -- it comes up with the natural gas and can be separated out and sold in these steel tanks. ...
- The tanks have a valve on the top called a "regulator" which allows helium to be let out of the tank at a desired pressure, even though the pressure in the tank may be very very high. ... Another valve just opens and closes to allow the helium to flow. ...
- A ballon is wrapped around a spigot, the open-shut valve is opened, and helium flows right into the ballon. You have to twist the end of the balloon so helium doesn't escape while you tie the knot at the bottom. ...
2. EXTREME HELIUM STARS: PULSATION AND EVOLUTION
- star.arm.ac.uk
- Next: EXTREME HELIUM STARS .
- EXTREME HELIUM STARS C. ...
- EXTREME HELIUM STARS: PULSATION AND EVOLUTION.
- Extreme helium stars are highly evolved luminous stellar remnants. Their exotic surface abundances point to previous evolution through the white dwarf sequence, followed by re-ignition due to a late helium shell flash or to a binary merger. The existence of pulsations in many helium stars, due to strange-mode instabilities or the Z-bump -mechanism, provide a range of diagnostics including radii from Baade's method and contraction rates from period changes. I review the basic observational and theoretical properties of extreme helium star pulsations and show how these have been used to constrain evolutionary models, with particular reference to the cases of V652 Her and BX Cir. ...
- EXTREME HELIUM STARS .
3. Handbook of Texas Online: HELIUM PRODUCTION
- www.tsha.utexas.edu
- HELIUM PRODUCTION. Helium, a light, nonflammable, chemically inert gas, was first produced in Texas from the natural gases of the Petrolia oilfield,qv in Clay County, during World War I. qv Experimental plants were constructed in that area by the Bureau of Mines with funds allotted by the Army and Navy Departments to obtain nonexplosive helium as a replacement for the explosive hydrogen used in observation balloons and airships. ...
- On July 1, 1925, the government assumed control of all helium production in the nation. In 1927, the Bureau of Mines began negotiations for control of gas rights in fee on a 50,000-acre, helium-bearing natural gas structure known as the Cliffside Field, in Potter County near Amarillo. In 1928, the government began construction of a helium-extraction plant near Amarillo, which began production in April 1929. In that same year the Fort Worth helium plant closed because Petrolia supplies had been depleted. In 1934 the Bureau of Mines completed negotiations for the Cliffside helium field, and for a number of years the plant at Amarillo was the sole producer of commercial helium in the world. Texas produced 96,884,410 cubic feet of helium valued at $619,345 in 1944, and 69,808,454 cubic feet valued at $460,015 in 1945. ...
- At the Amarillo plant natural gas is reduced to a temperature of about -300°F, at which point most components except helium liquify; the still-gaseous helium is drawn off. ... Helium is shipped under pressures of 1,800 to 2,000 pounds per square inch in small containers or specially designed tank cars. ... 2 percent pure helium produced at Amarillo could lift approximately 64½ pounds. ...
- Beginning in 1937 the Bureau of Mines was authorized to sell helium to private concerns for medical, scientific, and commercial use. ... In addition to its main use in floating balloons and airships, helium has been used in a mixture with oxygen to relieve asthma and other respiratory diseases, for welding magnesium, aluminum, and stainless steel, and in radio tubes, electrical searchlights, and deep-sea diving equipment. ...
- In 1964, an estimated 95 percent of the world's recoverable helium was produced within a 250-mile radius of Amarillo. Three new plants, which began operating in that year, doubled existing capacity, resulting in refined helium production of 304,909,000 cubic feet valued at $10,672,000, and crude production of 1,751,924,000 cubic feet valued at $18,812,000. In 1968 helium was extracted from natural gas at federal plants in Amarillo and Exell in Moore County, and at two Phillips Petroleum privately owned plants in Moore and Hansford counties. Refined helium production in Texas in 1968 stood at 365,000,000 cubic feet, valued at $9,560,000, and crude production at 1,043,700,000 cubic feet, valued at $11,428,000. Crude unrefined helium was placed in underground storage for conservation purposes at the government's Cliffside gas field near Amarillo. By the time the helium industry celebrated its centennial at Amarillo in 1968, Potter County was the "Helium Capital of the World. ...
4. Helium dangers
- www.balloonartists.com.au
- Helium dangers.
- Helium inhalation - it's no laughing matter - Article courtesy of BOC Gases.
- Have you ever been to a party and inhaled helium in an attempt to sound like Donald Duck? If so, you have probably put your life at risk!.
- Evidence has proven that the inhalation of helium can be fatal, yet thousands of party goers continue to inhale helium thinking it to be incredibly funny rather than life threatening. The inhalation of helium cuts off a person's supply of oxygen and can cause dizziness, unconsciousness and ultimately death!.
- Doctors around Australia are concerned about the health risk associated with people inhaling helium. ...
- According to Consultant Occupational Health Physician, Dr Greg McGroder, "Australians have not yet realised the extreme danger associated with helium inhalation. ... Helium gas can totally displace the available oxygen and if this is maintained for even a few seconds, asphyxia and death can and will occur".
- In 1898, fifteen year old Michelle Moreno from Texas died from helium inhalation at a friend's party. Her death caused major headlines regarding the dangers of helium inhalation. ...
- Comedy television and radio programmes often use helium as a device to get laughs. This portrays helium inhalation as a fun, safe practice when, in effect, it is deadly. Public figures are influential in the minds of the public and they need to realise that they could either die from helium use or be indirectly responsible for the death of another.
- BOC Gases is deeply concerned about the misuse of Balloon Gas and is going to great efforts to inform the public that helium inhalation can be fatal. Unfortunately with people continuing to ignore the dangers of this potentially lethal practice, it is a difficult task to educate the public that HELIUM INHALATION IS NO LAUGHING MATTER!.
5. Helium Safety
- www.cganet.com
- --> CGAnet #LABEL# ">#LABEL# '> --> #LABEL# " s-selected-html-fragment=" #LABEL# " startspan --> --> --> Inhaling Helium: Party Fun or Deadly Menace? .
- What could be hazardous about a helium-filled party balloon, you ask? After all, balloons are supposed to be fun, right? The answer may surprise you. ...
- Most people simply do not have the information available to help them understand hazards associated with inhaling helium. Several years ago, I was asked to investigate the death of a teenager who died while inhaling helium from a balloon-filling system. ...
- Inhaling Helium From A Balloon .
- A little-known aspect of inhaling helium is how quickly you may lose consciousness due to asphyxia (oxygen deprivation). ...
- However, when the lungs are filled with helium, a different process takes over. ... Depending on how completely oxygen is replaced by helium, you may lose consciousness quickly and without warningyou may literally pass out while still standing. ...
- Helium balloon-filling systems have become popular in recent years, and are frequently found in supermarkets, party supply stores, and variety stores. ... A typical commercial system consists of a helium cylinder, shut-off valve, pressure flow regulator, and tilt valve with balloon adapter. ...
- Typically, it delivers a maximum helium gas flow rate of approximately five cubic feet per minute (cfm). ...
- Inhaling Helium From a Commercial System .
- Attempting to inhale helium from a commercial helium balloon filling system poses a greater hazard than does inhaling helium from a balloon. ... Unfortunately, several young people have been killed while inhaling helium from such a system. ...
- However, calculations clearly show that, given the flow rate and pressure available from a helium balloon-filling system, human lungs can be fatally overpressured in a fraction of a second. ...
- For more information on helium safety precautions Click here to obtain CGA's SB-14 .
6. Handbook of Texas Online: EXELL HELIUM PLANT
- www.tsha.utexas.edu
- EXELL HELIUM PLANT. The Exell Helium Plant, in southern Moore County near the Potter county line, was the first World War IIqv-vintage plant established in the Panhandleqv by the Federal Bureau of Mines. It came about as a result of the need for helium as a lifting gas in semirigid and nonrigid airships used to escort Allied shipping and in observation and barrage balloons. ... Railroad service was provided by the North Texas and Santa Fe line, which furnished specially made cars to pick up large cylinder tanks of compressed helium for shipment. Some of the helium extracted here figured prominently in the development of the first atomic bomb. ...
- By 1953 it was a leader in the production of helium for intercontinental missiles and the embryonic space program. ... In 1968 a new separation unit, the largest of its type in any bureau plant, was added to recover more than 98 percent of the helium from the Colorado Interstate Gas Company's feed gas; as a result, an additional 40 million cubic feet per year could be extracted. Two more units, one of which raises the purity of helium-gas mixture stored for conservation from 70 to about 95 percent, were installed to recover helium extracted from the Cliffside gas field in 1970. ... With about seventy full-time employees by 1986, the Exell Plant continued to be a major producer and supplier of both gaseous and liquefied helium for weather and medical research purposes and such federal government agencies as NASA. ... See also HELIUM PRODUCTION. ...
7. APOD: 2001 January 20 - Helios Helium
- antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov
- Helios Helium .
- Explanation: This image of the active Sun was made using ultraviolet light emitted by ionized Helium atoms in the Solar chromosphere. Helium was first discovered in the Sun in 1868, its name fittingly derived from from the Greek word Helios, meaning Sun. ... Almost 27 years later terrestrial Helium was finally discovered when the spectrum of a Helium bearing mineral of Uranium provided an exact match to the previously detected element of the Sun. Helium is now known to be the second most abundant element (after Hydrogen) in the Universe. ...
8. Helium
- www.corrosionsource.com
- Helium.
- Janssen obtained the first evidence of helium during the solar eclipse of 1868 when he detected a new line in the solar spectrum. Lockyer and Frankland suggested the name helium for the new element. In 1895 Sir William Ramsay in Scotland discovered helium in the uranium mineral clevite while it was independently discovered in cleveite by the Swedish chemists P. ...
- Rutherford and Royds in 1907 demonstrated that alpha particles are helium nuclei. ...
- Except for hydrogen, helium is the most abundant element found through out the universe. Helium is extracted from natural gas. In fact, all natural gas contains at least trace quantities of helium.
- The fusion of hydrogen into helium provides the energy of the hydrogen bomb. The helium content of the atmosphere is about 1 part in 200,000. ... The only known helium extraction plants, outside the United States, in 1984 were in Eastern Europe (Poland), the U. ...
- The cost of helium fell from $2500/ft3 in 1915 to 1. ... Bureau of Mines has set the price of Grade A helium at $37. ...
- Helium has the lowest melting point of any element and is widely used in cryrogenic research because its boiling point is close to absolute zero. ...
- Using liquid helium, Kurti and co-workers and others, have succeeded in obtaining temperatures of a few microkelvins by the adiabatic demagnetization of copper nuclei. ...
- Helium is the only liquid that cannot be solidified by lowering the temperature. ...
9. The Science Behind the Prize
- www.lassp.cornell.edu
- The discovery by Lee, Osheroff, and Richardson of superfluidity in liquid helium-3 completed the triad of discoveries that collectively constitute the major achievement of low temperature physics in this century. The phenomenon in helium-3 resembles and yet differs remarkably from its other two manifestations in superconductors and in the more common isotope, liquid helium-4. ...
- While by 1972 the theory was no longer controversial, one of its most dramatic predictions had not been confirmed: that the same kind of self-organization responsible for the superconductivity of metallic electrons, should result in a new kind of superfluidity in the rare isotope helium-3, similar only in name to the superfluidity that had been known for decades to exist in the more common helium-4. ... By the 1970's the search had proceed to temperatures a thousand times lower than the temperature at which helium-4 becomes superfluid, repeatedly defying the predictions of theorists. ...
- Lee, Richardson, and Osheroff found the signature of the transition not in the hydrodynamics of helium-3, but in its magnetic behavior. ... Superfluid helium-3, which the original discovery already revealed to come unexpectedly in two varieties (called the A-phase and the B-phase), combines in one material the quantum phase coherence of a conventional superconductor with the orientational ordering of a liquid crystal, as well as exhibiting a variety of spectacular magnetic, acoustic, and hydrodynamic properties that simply do not exist in any other known materials. ...
- It has afforded the pairing theory of Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer a new test of an entirely different kind, it has provided new and spectacular examples of Josephson's phase coherence, it has afforded entirely novel tests of the two-fluid hydrodynamics invented by Landau to account for the very different superfluidity of helium-4, it has enlarged the arena of phenomena from which to search for a theoretical understanding of the discoveries of Bednorz and Muller, and it has provided the first example of a neutral syhstem, consisting of whole atoms, displaying the same strange behavior that Kamerlingh Onnes was so startled to find, more than 80 years ago, in the electronic behavior of metals. ...
10. PM - BOC announces plans for helium plant
- www.abc.net.au
- BOC announces plans for helium plant.
- MARK COLVIN: As every schoolchild knows, helium is the gas that makes balloons lighter than air and if you breathe from one of those balloons, your voice will go all squeaky.
- But helium is also a valuable industrial commodity used in processes from welding aluminium, to rocket propulsion, cryogenics and semiconductors.
- Now the multinational company, BOC, has announced plans for the first helium plant in the Southern Hemisphere.
- It'll be built in Darwin and it will extract helium from the gases piped from the massive Bayu Undan field in the Timor Sea.
- ANNE BARKER: The famous Hindenburg disaster of 1937 marked the end of hydrogen as a source for airships or hot air balloons and helped give rise to a whole new industry for the rare but much safer gas, helium.
- ANNE BARKER: Today most of us associate helium with happier times (male voice laughing). Whether it's in party balloons or the exploits of adventurers like Steve Fossett, who was the first person to fly a helium fuelled balloon solo around the world .
- ANNE BARKER: But helium is an increasingly valuable commodity on the world market, with uses in a wide range of industry and technology, and the gas that will soon come onshore in Darwin from the Timor Sea is one of the few commercially viable sources of helium in the world.
- DAVID HATCHER: There are nine current sources of helium. ... There's not always helium found in natural gas streams. The natural gas that's coming ashore in Darwin is unique in that it is a source of helium. ...
- ANNE BARKER: David Hatcher is General Manager for BOC in the Northern Territory, the global gas producer that already operates the second biggest helium plant in the world, in Kansas.
- If all goes to plan, he says, by 2007 Darwin will have the only helium plant in the Southern Hemisphere, a $20-million operation extracting helium as a byproduct from the Bayu Undan field.
- Two third of it will be shipped offshore to markets in Asia and Japan, making Australia a nett helium exporter for the first time.
- DAVID HATCHER: The helium plant brings a number of benefits to Darwin, including additional employment. ...
11. Save the Helium
- www2.technologyreview.com
- Save the Helium .
- To most people helium is the gas that makes children's balloons float and voices sound like Donald Duck. In the last two years, however, helium became a focal point in the messy political struggle to downsize the federal budget. Last year, Congress and President Clinton acted to sell off the federally maintained helium reserve. ...
- Critics have ridiculed the helium reserve as a white elephant left over from the days of World War I dirigibles. ... " President Clinton originally called for the helium reserve program's improvement as part of his "reinventing government" proposals. ...
- Helium has unique properties that make it irreplaceable for science and industry. As the only element that does not freeze solid-remaining liquid even at just a fraction of a degree above absolute zero (-460 degrees Fahrenheit)-helium is essential for a variety of uses that require extreme cold. ... shortages of helium and disrupt scientific and industrial research.
- The United States is home to rich natural reserves of helium, mixed with methane in the gas fields of Texas and Wyoming. ... 3 billion cubic feet of helium every year. ... 4 billion cubic feet of helium and exported another 970 million cubic feet of the gas. ...
- According to the American Geological Institute, the federal government uses approximately 300 million cubic feet (MCF) of helium a year on space, military, and civilian research. NASA, for example, has found helium essential for purging and pressurizing the fuel tanks of spacecraft because it is the only elemment that remains a gas at the extreme cold necessary to maintain the liquid hydrogen fuel used in many rockets and the space shuttle.
- A host of industries have become similarly dependent on a consistent, expanding, supply of low-priced helium. Heavy users include superconductivity researchers, who use 172 MCF of helium a year. ... Gas-tungsten arc welding, taking advantage of helium's inert nature, employs the gas to protect metal from oxidation, creating demand for about another 460 MCF. Helium is also valuable for detecting leaks from even the most microscopic cracks and pores in sealed containers such as fuel tanks and the "clean environments" of electronics fabrication facilities. Other emerging technologies that depend on helium include fiber-optic production, which demands an ultra-pure inert atmosphere, and Josephson junctions-liquid helium-cooled superconducting microswitches that are faster and more energy efficient than today's semiconductors.
12. Helium atom: Double-Zeta JavaScript Calculation
- www.chimie.fundp.ac.be
- Double-Zeta Calculation of the Ground (1s)2 of the Helium Atom using JavaScript .
- Here, we illustrate the use of JavaScript in a simple quantum chemical application, the SCF-LCAO calculation of the ground (1s)2 state of the helium atom in a double zeta basis of Slater-type orbitals, which illustrates, nevertheless, the full conceptual complexity of an SCF calculation. ...
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