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• The Travels of Ibn Battuta - A Virtual Tour with the 14th Century Traveler.
• You will be following along on trips in the footsteps of Ibn Battuta, the famous 14th century traveler. ...
• We don't know what Ibn Battuta looked like, except that he had a beard. ...
• Ibn Battuta started on his travels when he was 20 years old in 1325. ...
• Near the end of Ibn Battuta's own life, the Sultan of Morocco insisted that Ibn Battuta dictate the story of his travels to a scholar and today we can read translations of that story called "Rihla - My Travels". ...
• Ibn Battuta mainly traveled in the area surrounded by the green line - countries with Muslim governments. ... Ibn Battuta would seldom be far from fellow Muslims on his travels, and he would greatly benefit from the charity and hospitality offered to Muslim travelers and pilgrims.
•   Chapter One: Morocco Across North Africa (1325) Cairo, Egypt (1326) Chapter Two: On to Syria and Palestine (1326) The Hajj: Medina to Mecca (1326) Chapter Three: Persia and Iraq (1326 - 1327) Further into Persia Chapter Four: The Arabian Sea & East Africa (1328 - 1330) Chapter Five: Anatolia (Turkey) (1330 - 1331) Chapter Six: The Steppe - Land of the Golden Horde (1332 - 1333) Return to the Steppes and into the Land of Chagatay Chapter Seven: Delhi, capital of Muslim India (1334 - 1341) Chapter Eight: Escape from Delhi and on to the Maldive Islands & Ceylon (Sri Lanka) 1342 - 1344) Chapter Nine: Malaysia and China (1345 - 1346) Chapter Ten: Return Home (1346 - 1349) Chapter Eleven: Andalusia (Muslim Spain) and Morocco (1349 - 1350) Chapter Twelve: Journey to West Africa (1351 - 1353) Chapter Thirteen: Writing the Story of Ibn Battuta's Travels - The Rihla .
• Many thanks to Ross Dunn, author of The Adventures of Ibn Battuta for his support.

• IBN AL-BAITAR.
• Abu Muhammad Abdallah Ibn Ahmad Ibn al-Baitar Dhiya al-Din al-Malaqi was one of the greatest scientists of Muslim Spain and was the greatest botanist and pharmacist of the Middle Ages. ... In 1227 al-Kamil extended his domination to Damaseus, and Ibn al-Baitar accompanied him there which provided him an opportunity to collect plants in Syria His researches on plants extended over a vast area:including Arabia and Palestine, which he either visited or managed to collect plants from stations located there. ...
• Ibn Baitar's major contribution, Kitab al-Jami fi al-Adwiya al- Mufrada, is one of the greatest botanical compilations dealing with medicinal plants in Arabic. ...
• Ibn Baitar's contributions are characterised by observation, analysis and classification and have exerted a profound influence on Eastern as well as Western botany and medicine. ...

• Ibn Khaldoun, précurseur médiéval de l'histoire des civilisations.
• Ibn Khaldoun (1331-1406), historien maghrébin, a été l'un des premiers théoriciens de l'histoire des civilisations. ...
• Dans la Muqadimma, introduction en trois volumes de son Kitab al-'Ibar (Histoire des Arabes, des Persans et des Berbères), Ibn Khaldoun écrit: "J'ai suivi un plan original pour écrire l'Histoire et choisi une voie qui surprendra le lecteur, une marche et un système tout à fait à moi (. ...
• Ibn Khaldoun n'a le loisir d'étudier que le monde arabo-musulman (l'Andalousie, le Maghreb, le Machreq). ...
• Ibn Khaldoun, conseiller auprès de deux sultans maghrébins, grand juge (cadi) au Caire, put observer de l'intérieur l'émergence du pouvoir politique et sa confrontation à la durée historique. Ibn Khaldoun est considéré comme l'un des fondateurs de la sociologie politique.
• Sources: Discours sur l'histoire universelle (Al Muqadimma), par Ibn Khaldoun, traduit de l'arabe par Vincent Monteil (Paris/Arles, Sindbad/Actes Sud, 3e édition, 1997) et Ibn Khaldoun: naissance de l'histoire, passé du tiers monde, par Yves Lacoste (Paris, François Maspero, 1978, réédité chez La Découverte, 1998). ...

• THE TRAVELS OF IBN BATTUTA The greatest traveller of the Old World before modern times was undoubtedly Abu `Abdallah ibn Battuta. ... When his epic journeys were complete, his adventures were dedicated to a young scholar of literature named Ibn Juzayy and recorded in a book titled the Rihla. ... With the completion of this, his first hajj, in 1326, Ibn Battuta began a tour of Iraq and Persia. ... Ibn Battuta spent the next eight years in India, where he worked as a qadi, or judge, in the government of the Sultan of Delhi. ...       In his account of his travels, Ibn Battuta left a wealth of descriptive detail about many of the places he visited. ... Although Ibn Battuta was cosmopolitan and generally tolerant of different customs and peoples, his account periodically betrays personal attitudes and biases. ... 1 If he was uncharacteristically intolerant in his description of China, it was because Ibn Battuta intended that his book be an account of the successful expansion of Islam. ... This greater Muslim world, known as the Dar al-Islam ("Abode of Islam"), was the real focus of the Rihla of Ibn Battuta. ... Although the exploits of Marco Polo remain more well known to western readers, Ibn Battuta far outdid Polo in terms of the number of places that he visited and reported on. ... Marco Polo was essentially exploring regions that were little-known to his fellow Europeans, while Ibn Battuta never strayed far from the world of Islamic culture; a world in which he could always find hospitality and companionship with individuals sharing sensibilities similar to his own. ... ), Voyages d'Ibn Battuta, 4 vols.

• However, in view of the discovery of ancient manuscripts, we propose that the real credit for the discovery of the pulmonary circulation belongs to an eminent physician of the thirteenth century: Ibn Nafis. This brief report describes the contributions made by Ibn Nafis. ...
• Abu-Alhassan Alauldin Ali Bin Abi-Hazem Al-Quarashi, known as Ibn Nafis, was born about 1210 in Damascus. ... In 1236 Ibn Nafis moved to Egypt and worked in Al-Mansouri Hospital where he became chief of physicians and the sultan's personal physician. ...
• As with most of the Muslim physicians at that time, not only did Ibn Nafis excel in medicine but his knowledge extended to languages, philosophy, Islamic law and history. ...
• The theory that was accepted prior to Ibn Nafis was put forth by Galen in the second century, who said that the blood reaching the right side of the heart went through invisible pores in the septum to the left side of the heart where it mixes with air to create spirit and then is distributed to the body. ... 3 However, Ibn Nafis, based on his knowdedge in anatomy and scientific thinking, postulated that ". ... In describing the anatomy of the lungs, Ibn Nafis stated, "The lungs are composed of parts, one of which is the bronchi, the second, the branches of the arteria venosa and the third, the branches of the vena arteriosa, all of them connected by loose porous flesh". ...
• Another important contribution made by Ibn Nafis that is rarely mentioned is his postulation that the nutrition of the heart is extracted from the small vessels passing through its wall, when he said ". ... ";4 by this, Ibn Nafis was the first to put forward the concept of coronary circulation. ...
• These important observations were not known in Europe until 300 years later when some of Ibn Nafis' works were translated to Latin by Andrea Alpago of Belluno in 1547. ... "6 Then Andreas Vesalius described in his book "De Fabrica", the pulmonary circulation in a manner similar to Ibn Nafis' description. ...
• It may be useful to mention the views of a few modern historians who reviewed the works of Ibn Nafis; Mieli said, "Attention has recently been called in the writings of Ibn Nafis to a description of the lesser circulation which is strangely reminiscent of the description given by Michael Servetus in the sixteenth century in his "Christianismi Restitutio". We believe that henceforth it is fair to attribute the discovery of the pulmonary circulation to Ibn Nafis who was a distant precursor of the physicians of the sixteenth century Italian School and of William Harvey who, four centuries later, described the whole of the pulmonary circulation in an accurate, clear and definitive manner". 7 Max Meyrholf, a distinguished scholar of Arabic historical medicine, was struck by the resemblance of certain essential phrases in the writings of Ibn Nafis and Servetus. ... We have seen that Ibn Nafis, three centuries before Colombo, had already noticed visible passages between the two types of pulmonary vessels". 8 In the William Osler Medal Essay on the discovery of the pulmonary circulation, Edward Coppola said, "A comparison of Ibn Nafis' description with those of Valverde and Colombo reveals that there are certain striking similarities among these descriptions which seem to suggest more than a coincidental relationship. ... the theory of pulmonary circulation propounded by Ibn Nafis in the 13th century was not forgotten and that centuries after his death it may have influenced the direction of the anatomical investigations of Colombo and Valverde, who finally announced it to the Western world as a physiological fact susceptible to experimental proof". ...

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• IBN KHALDUN.
• Abd al-Rahman Ibn Mohammad is generally known as Ibn Khaldun after a remote ancestor. ... This turbulent period also included a three year refuge in a small village Qalat Ibn Salama in Algeria, which provided him with the opportunity to write Muqaddimah, the first volume of his world history that won him an immortal place among historians, sociologists and philosophers. ...
• Ibn Khaldun's chief contribution lies in philosophy of history and sociology. ... This volume, commonly known as Muqaddimah or 'Prolegomena', was based on Ibn Khaldun's unique approach and original contribution and became a masterpiece in literature on philosophy of history and sociology. ...
• Ibn Khaldun's influence on the subject of history, philosophy of history, sociology, political science and education has remained paramount ever since his life. ...

• In his Prolegomena (The Muqaddimah), 'Abd al-Rahman Ibn Muhammad Ibn Khaldun al-Hadrami of Tunis (A. ... 1332-1406), commonly known as Ibn Khaldun, laid down the foundations of different fields of knowledge, in particular the science of civilization (al-'umran). His significant contributions to economics, however, should place him in the history of economic thought as a major forerunner, if not the "father," of economics, a title which has been given to Adam Smith, whose great works were published some three hundred and seventy years after Ibn Khaldun's death. Not only did Ibn Khaldun plant the germinating seeds of classical economics, whether in production, supply, or cost, but he also pioneered in consumption, demand, and utility, the cornerstones of modern economic theory.
• Before Ibn Khaldun, Plato and his contemporary Xenophon presented, probably for the first time In writing, a crude account of the specialization and division of labor. ... Another aspect of economic thought before Ibn Khaldun was that of the Scholastics and of the Canonites, who proposed placing economics within the framework of laws based on religious and moral perceptions for the good of all human beings. ...
• Ibn Khaldun was cognizant of these ideas, including the one relating to religious and moral perceptions. The relationship between moral and religious principles on one hand and good government on the other is effectively expounded in his citation and discussion of Tahir Ibn al-Husayn's (A. ...
• This paper attempts to give Ibn Khaldun his forgotten and long overdue credit and to place him properly within the history of economic thought. ...
• Schumpeter, who discovered Ibn Khaldun's writings only a few months before his death,3 Joseph J. ... Yet it was Ibn Khaldun, a believer in the free market economy, who first introduced the labor theory of value without the extensions of Karl Marx. ...
• According to Ibn Khaldun, labor is the source of value. ... It is worth noting that Ibn Khaldun never called it a "theory," but had skillfully presented it (in volume 2 of Rosenthal translation) in his analysis of labor and its efforts. 6 Ibn Khaldun's contribution was later picked up by David Hume in his Political Discourses, published in 1752: "Everything in the world is purchased by labour. ... 1776 in Adam Smith's major work, is carefully analyzed, one can find its seeds in Ibn Khaldun's Prolegomena (The Muqaddimah). According to Ibn Khaldun, labor is the source of value. ...

•   Ibn Khaldun and Education .
•     The great thinker Ibn Khaldun was born in Tunis, 1332 AD and died in Cairo, 1406 AD. ... Recognized as the founder of sociological sciences, Ibn Khaldun has been accepted and commented upon by historians, jurists, theologians, politicians, economists, teachers, educators and environmentalists alike. Ibn Khaldun’s great work of art, The Muqaddimah has been translated into the world’s most common languages. ...
• This is the correct method of teaching according to Ibn Khaldun. ...
•     According to Ibn Khaldun, an over-summarized text on certain information as well as an over-extended text will create difficulty in learning the actual information. ...
•     Ibn Khaldun also emphasizes the teaching of arts and crafts. ...
•     Ibn Khaldun believes that learning science requires skill. ...
•     Ibn Khaldun has emphasized the importance of science, education and teaching. ...
• These clearly defined issues of Ibn Khaldun are still relevant for educational issues of contemporary times. ...
• Ibn Khaldun, Muqaddimah, vol. ...
• Suleyman Uludag, Ibn Khaldun (His Life-Works-Ideas), p. ...
• Ibn Khaldun, Muqaddimah, vol. ...

• From the Muqaddimah of Ibn Khaldun.
• Section 51 (of the Muqaddimah of Ibn Khaldun) On the matter of the Fatimi (The Mahdi) and the position people take concerning him, removing the veil from all of that.
• We say a group of the Imams narrated the hadith about the Mahdi, of whom are at-Tirmidhi, Abu Dawud, al-Bazzar, Ibn Majah, al-Hakim, at-Tabarani, and Abu Ya'ala al-Mawsili, and they ascribed them to a group of the companions, for example, 'Ali, Ibn 'Abbas, Ibn 'Umar, Talhah, Ibn Mas'ud, Abu Hurairah, Anas, Abu Sa'id al-Khudri, Umm Habibah, Umm Salamah, Thawban, Qurrah ibn Iyas, 'Ali al-Hilali and 'Abdullah ibn al-Harith ibn Jaz' with isnads which those who deny (the Mahdi) object to, as we shall mention, except that it is well known to the people of hadith that (the factors which cause the) invalidation (of a hadith narrator) take precedence over the (the factors which result in the) attribution of veracity (to him), so that when we find a flaw in some of the men in the isnads because of carelessness, bad memory, weakness or a bad view that will find a way (to affect) the soundness of the hadith and will weaken it. ...
• Abu Bakr ibn Abi Khaythamah went excessively far, according to that which as-Suhaili transmitted from him, in his collecting the hadith which have been related concerning the Mahdi, so he said, "One of the strangest of them in isnad is that which Abu Bakr al-Iskaf mentioned in his Fawa'id al-Akhbar with an isnad to Malik ibn Anas from Muhammad ibn al-Munkadir from Jabir that he said, "The Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said, 'Whoever denies the Mahdi has become a kafir, and whoever denies the Dajjal has become a liar'. " And he said, "In The Rising of the Sun from its Place of Setting is the like of it, I think," and this is enough for excessive behaviour, and Allah knows best about the soundness of its path to Malik ibn Anas, because Abu Bakr al-Iskaf is suspected of forgery by them (the scholars of hadith).
• As for at-Tirmidhi, he and Abu Dawud published, with their two isnads to Ibn 'Abbas by way of 'Asim ibn Abi an-Nujud, one of 'The Seven' Qur'an reciters, to Zirr ibn Hubaysh from 'Abdullah ibn Mas'ud from the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, "If there did not remain of the world anything but one day, Allah would lengthen that day until Allah would send in it a man from me, or from the people of my house, whose name coincides with my name and whose father's name coincides with my father's name. ... However, Ahmad ibn Hanbal said about him ('Asim), "He was a right-acting man, reciting the Qur'an, good and trustworthy, and al-'Amash has a better memory than him, and Shu'bah used to choose al-'Amash over him if he was trying to make sure of a hadith, and al-'Ijli said, 'They used to disagree about him concerning his narration from Zirr and Abu Wa'il,' indicating by that the weakness of his narration from the two of them. " Muhammad ibn Sa'd said, "He was trustworthy except that he made a lot of mistakes in his hadith. " Ya'qub ibn Sufyan said, "There is some disquiet about his hadith. " 'Abdarrahman ibn Abi Hatim said, "I said to my father, 'Abu Zar'ah says that 'Asim is trustworthy. ... Ibn 'Ulayyah spoke about him and said, "Everyone whose name is 'Asim has a bad memory". ... Ibn Harrash said, "In his hadith there is an indefiniteness. ... " He also said, "I heard Shu'bah say, 'Asim ibn Abu an-Nujud narrated to us, and in people is what is in it/her. ...
• Abu Dawud published in the chapter (of hadith on the Mahdi) from 'Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, from the narration of Qatan ibn Khalifah from al-Qasim ibn Abi Murrah from Abu at-Tufail from 'Ali from the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, that he said, "Even if nothing remained of time but one day, Allah would send a man from the people of my house who would fill it with justice just as it has been filled with injustice. " And even if Ahmad, Yahya ibn al-Qattan, Ibn Mu'in, an-Nasa'i and others found Qatan ibn Khalifah trustworthy, yet al-'Ijli said, "He has good hadith but there is a little bit of shi'ah in him. " Ibn Mu'in once said, "A shi'ah trustworthy. " Ahmad ibn Abdullah ibn Yunus said, "We used to pass by Qatan and he was rejected; we would not write down (hadith) from him. ... " Abu Bakr ibn 'Ayyash said, "I did not abandon narrating from him except because of the evil of his school. ...

• IBN KHALDUN.
• Map of Ibn Khaldun's Travels  (illustration).
• The world at Ibn Khaldun's time   (illustration).
• It was his single brief 'acquiescence' from a life of practical activity that gave Ibn Khaldun his opportunity to cast his creative thought into literary shape.
• Ibn Khaldun is the most important figure in the field of History and Sociology in Muslim History. ...
• He is Abdurahman bin Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Al-Hasan bin Jabir bin Muhammad bin Ibrahim bin Abdurahman bin Ibn Khaldun. ... He also traced his ancestry through another genealogy as supplied by Ibn Hazem using his grandfather who was the first to enter Andalusia back to Wail ibn Hajar one of the oldest Yemenite tribe. ...
• Ibn Khaldun was born in Tunis on Ramadan 1, 732 (May 27, 1332) 2 . ...
• It was after this plague that Ibn Khaldun would receive his first public assignment. ...
• Ibn Tafrakin, the ruler of Tunis, called Ibn Khaldun to be the seal bearer of his captive Sultan Abu lshaq. It is here that Ibn Khaldun would get first hand look at the inner workings of court politics and the weakness of the government. ...
• Ibn Khaldun accompanied Ibn Tafrakin with the forces that would ward off Abu Ziad’s attacks. Tunis was defeated and Ibn Khaldun escaped to Aba, where he lived with al-Mowahideen. ...
• Ibn Khaldun would travel to Tlemcen to meet the Sultan. Ibn Khaldun mentions that the Sultan honored him and sent him with his chamberlain Ibn Abi Amr to Bougie to witness its submission to Sultan Abu Enan. ...
• Ibn Khaldun would stay in the company of the Chamberlain while the Sultan moved back to the capital, Fez. ... ) Ibn Khaldun would accept the invitation to join the council of Ulama and would move to Fez. ...

• Keywordsbiography; bibliography; online articles; photographs; islam; philosophy; Ibn Rushd; Averro¨es, 1126-1198; philosophers.
• DescriptionInteresting collection of material on Ibn Rushd, including web pages, biographical information, excerpts from his works and more.

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